Associations of Postoperative Delirium With Perioperative Frailty Worsening and Their Combined Effect on 1-Year Mortality in Older Surgical Patients

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Had severe dementia, language disorders, significant hearing or visual impairments, or were in a coma;
• •2. Had Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores below the established educational thresholds: \<18 for illiterate individuals, \<21 for those with primary education (≤6 years), and \<25 for those with secondary education or higher (\>6 years)
• •3. Underwent local anesthesia or monitored anesthesia care;
• •4. Had an operative time ≤30 minutes;
• •5. Incomplete preoperative FRAIL scale assessment;
• •6. Missing postoperative delirium data;
• •7. Incomplete FRAIL scale assessment at 1 month postoperatively.