Subanesthetic Esketamine in Modified ECT for Severe Depression in Adolescents: Clinical and Mechanistic Study

The study design was a randomized, double blind, parallel controlled trial.The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if esketamine-assisted modified electroconvulsive therapy (ESK-MECT) works to treat severe depression in adolescents. It will also learn about the safety of ESK-MECT. The sample size was calculated based on the response rate of patients with depression undergoing electroconvulsive therapy(ECT).According to the results of the pilot study,the efficacy rate of subjects receiving adjunctive esketamine was approximately 78%,while the efficacy rate of those receiving only propofol was 63%.The expected superiority difference in remission rates between the two groups was 15%(one-sided)for the power calculation.Assuming a significance level of α=0.05 and a test power of β=0.2,with a 1:1 ratio of sample sizes between the two groups,the total sample size was calculated to be 198 using the PASS software(PASS 2023).Considering a dropout rate of 10%,a total of 220 subjects were required,with 110 subjects in each group. 1. experimental group The patients were given intravenous injection of 0.25 mg / kg esketamine, 1.5 mg / kg propofol and 1 mg / kg succinylcholine in turn. After anesthesia, the patients were given electroconvulsive therapy. 2. In the control group The patients were given normal saline consistent with esketamine injection volume, 1.5mg/kg of propofol and 1mg / kg of succinylcholine. After anesthesia, the patients were given electroconvulsive therapy. Efficacy evaluation 1. Main efficacy indicators Response rate of depressive symptoms after MECT treatment Response is defined as two consecutive HAMD-24 scores ≤ 50% before treatment after receiving MECT treatment. The response rate is calculated as the number of patients who achieved as response divided by the total number of patients receiving MECT.In this study, the 24-item version of HAMD was utilized. Participants will: Be randomly assigned to the esketamine group or the control group, and receive standard MECT treatment. Have seizure parameters, seizure duration, vital signs, and complications recorded. Complete psychiatric scale assessments, including HAMD-24, BSS, PANSS, WMS-RC and MoCA. Be assessed at the following time points: HAMD-24 and BSS after each treatment; PANSS after each treatment course;WMS-RC and MoCA before MECT and after one treatment course. All subjects did not discontinue antidepressants before modified electroconvulsive therapy(MECT),and they were fasting for 8 hours and no fluids for 2 hours.Three minutes before MECT,continuous qCON monitoring(Apollo-9000A,Chongqing Xideer Medical Equipment Co.,Ltd.,China)was initiated,while monitoring blood pressure,heart rate,and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation.Preoxygenation was administered for 3 minutes.The qCON monitor uses three electrodes on the forehead to collect raw electroencephalogram(EEG)signals.The qCON monitoring includes the qCON index,qNOX index,burst suppression(BS),and signal quality index(SQI).