Continuous Versus Single-Shot Spinal Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade \>III;
• •Patients who had uncontrolled hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus;
• •Patients who had uncompensated cardiac, renal, or hepatic diseases;
• •Patients with coagulopathy, spinal deformity, allergy, or contraindication for the used drugs;
• •Patients who refused to sign the informed consent were excluded from the study.