Evaluating Postoperative Pain and Antibacterial Effect of Ultrasonic and 980 nm Diode Laser Combination

Ethical approval for the human study was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Egypt . All patients were provided with an informed consent form outlining the study's details including potential benefits and risks, which they read and signed prior to participation. Sample size calculation was performed using G\*Power version 3.1.9.7 based on the results of a previous study . A power analysis was designed to have adequate power to apply a two-sided statistical test to reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between groups. By adopting an alpha level of (0.05) and a beta of (0.2), i.e. power = 80% and an effect size (d) of (0,332) calculated based on the primary outcome (Postoperative pain) and the results of a previous study. The predicted sample size (n) was (104), i.e., 26 subjects per group. This number is increased to 30 subjects per group to compensate for a drop-out rate of 15%.