Effectiveness of Brief Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Painful Temporomandibular Disorders Among University Students

Exclusion Criteria

• •Hearing impairment.
• •Currently on psychiatric follow up and/or taking psychotropic prescriptions (antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, stimulants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers).
• •Experience with activities similar to the intervention such as meditation, yoga or tai chi.
• •Currently practicing some form of mindfulness meditation.
• •History of orofacial trauma, craniofacial pathology, and previous orofacial surgeries (including orthognathic and TMJ)
• •Systemic rheumatic, neurologic/neuropathic, endocrine (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or immune / autoimmune diseases or widespread pain or being treated with immunosuppressant drugs
• •Non-TMD orofacial pain disorders
• •Radiation treatment to head and neck.
• •Use of narcotic pain medication, muscle relaxants or steroid therapy unless discontinued 1 week before enrolment to study
• •Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications unless the medication(s) were discontinued for 3 days prior to enrolment (use of acetaminophen is allowed as a rescue drug)
• •Currently on antibiotics or taken antibiotics within the last 2 weeks prior to start of study
• •Currently pregnant or lactating women