Study design: This mixed methods study consists of the following phases:
Phase 1: systematic review exploring barriers and challenges to clinical trial uptake among LCPs, carers and clinicians
Phase 2: focus groups with LCPs, carers, LCNs, research nurses and multidisciplinary teams to explore challenges, barriers and facilitators to clinical trial uptake among LCPs
Phase 3: development of a research recruitment tool for LCNs to facilitate recruitment of LCPs into clinical trials Phase 4: pilot study to test the effectiveness and acceptability of the research recruitment tool across four NHS trusts (including interviews with LCPs, carers and LCNs).
Phase 1: A systematic review of the best scientific literature will identify challenges and barriers to clinical trial recruitment amongst LCPs, carers and clinicians. The research team have experience in conducting systematic reviews and share multi-disciplinary knowledge and expertise. A recent scoping exercise identified multiple papers examining recruitment to LC clinical trials; our review will be more extensive and rigorous in terms of databases searched, search terms, languages included, quality reviews of potential papers included and time period. PRISMA reporting guidelines will be followed.
Phase 2: Six qualitative focus groups with lung cancer patients, carers, lung cancer nurses and other members of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) will explore challenges and facilitators to LCPs' clinical trial entry. Focus group participants will be recruited through the participating sites lung cancer nursing teams.
Eligible clinician participants (nurses and other MDT staff) will be contacted through lead LCNs at participating sites (see phase 4), who will share invitation letters and participant information leaflets with their teams. These will explain the purpose of the study and provide details of what is involved. The letter will include the contact details of the research team and nurse participants will be asked to contact them if they are interested in taking part. A member of the research team will then offer to speak to the participants if they have any further questions about the study. If they are still happy to proceed the researcher will organise a time, date and place with participants to proceed with the focus group. Participants will also be recruited through LCNUK and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Local Clinical Research Networks, who will provide access to an online link where potential participants can access information about the study (PIS and invitation letter) and can sign up via an online consent platform. Once consented the research team will contact them about the study and confirm they are happy to take part.
Patients and carers will be eligible to take part if they meet the following eligibility criteria:
Patients and carers will be recruited through the NCRI consumer forum and other cancer patient/carer networks, including RCLCF and Mesothelioma UK, who will provide access to an online link where potential participants can access information about the study (PIS and invitation letter) and can sign up via an online consent platform. Once consented the research team will contact them about the study and confirm they are happy to take part. LCNs at participating NHS sites will share invitation letters and information leaflets with LCPs, inviting them to take part. These will explain the purpose of the study and provide details of what is involved. The letter will include the contact details of the research team and nurse participants will be asked to contact them if they are interested in taking part. A member of the research team will then offer to speak to the participants if they have any further questions about the study. If they are still happy to proceed the researcher will organise a time, date and place with participants to proceed with the focus group. The study will also be promoted via social media channels such as Twitter. We intend to recruit \~48 participants to focus groups (eight per group); three focus groups will be with LCNs, research nurses and multidisciplinary team members from district general hospitals (DGHs) and tertiary centres, and two with LCPs and carers. A final group will include clinicians from the Christie and Royal Marsden cancer centres, where recruitment to trials is higher than in DGHs and tertiary centres, to identify transferable elements of best practice. Team members are affiliated with participating NHS sites and will utilise local contacts to facilitate recruitment. A topic guide will explore issues around LC trials awareness, knowledge of referral processes, confidence discussing trials, communication networks, time issues and factors influencing trial entry. Focus groups will be held virtually via Microsoft Teams. Participants will provide online consent and demographic information. Focus groups facilitated by two researchers, will last one hour, and will be recorded and transcribed. Data will be thematically analysed using the Framework Method, to enable comparisons across groups to be identified and themes generated \[20\].
Phase 3: Phase 1\&2 findings will inform development of the LCN research recruitment tool. The tool, available in paper and online formats, will include information on finding out about LC clinical trials, the role of research teams, embedding research into multidisciplinary team meetings and health needs assessments, communication pathways, signposting LCPs, practical considerations and reaching underrepresented groups. Tool development will be guided by the Trial Steering Group (TSG), with representation from LC patient and public involvement (PPI) members, LCNs, multidisciplinary research and clinical teams. The tool will be tested for face and content validity by \~10 LCNs who participated in Phase 2, and \~4 PPI representatives. Relevant feedback will be used to make modifications to the tool.
Phase 4 pilot: Participants in the pilot study will pilot the research recruitment tool for proof of concept across four UK NHS sites, including tertiary centres and DGHs: Oxford, Derby\&Burton, Lanarkshire, Nottinghamshire. An additional two NHS sites, Surrey and Birmingham, will act as controls.
Each site's LCNs (n=36) will be invited to participate through their senior nurse manager who will provide eligible nurses with an online invitation letter and participant information sheet (PIS). This will explain the purpose of the study and provide details of what is involved. The letter will include the contact details of the research team and nurse participants will be asked to contact them if they are interested in taking part. A member of the research team will then offer to speak to the participants if they have any further questions about the study. If they are still happy to proceed the researcher will organise a time, date and place with participants to proceed with the pilot phase of the study. Nurse participants will then have a briefing session, where the pilot study purpose will be explained. LCNs at the pilot sites (n=24) will be provided with a training session on using the tool, before implementing it in their teams for six months. Survey data will be collected from each LCN (n=36) at baseline, three and six months and LCN's will reconsent electronically, via the Qualtrics survey platform, prior to completing each online survey. The survey will collect information on the following: 1) Items from the validated General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale will measure LCNs' self-efficacy (primary outcome measure) in relation to their research roles 2) The number of LCPs each LCN has approached to discuss clinical trial opportunities will be recorded 3) Likert style survey data on LCNs' knowledge, confidence and awareness of clinical trials will be collected. These questions will be developed from phase 1\&2 findings and tested for reliability and validity by TSG members. The repeated tests measure ANOVA will compare survey responses between baseline, three and six months. Between groups ANOVA will compare differences in scores between pilot and control sites. No formal sample size calculation is required as this is a pilot study; however, all LCNs across the six sites will be invited to take part (n\~36). Towards the end of the pilot, eight LCNs who have been taken part in the pilot will be invited, via an invitation letter and participant information sheet provided by the research team, to attend a 30-minute interview to explore the tool's acceptability, in terms of ease of use and impact on recruitment. We intend to invite between 1-2 nurses from each site to take part in the interview and they will be convenience sampled. Eight patients/carers who have joined clinical trials at the pilot sites will also be interviewed.
Patients and carers will be recruited through the LCNs and RCLCF and Mesothelioma UK networks, who will facilitate contact with local LCP support groups. LCP and carers clinical trial experience and its impact on quality of life, care satisfaction, self-efficacy and symptom control will be explored. This will provide valuable information on the tool's impact on LCP experience.
Ethics: NHS HRA ethics will be obtained, as well as local R\&D approvals from each of the participating NHS Trust sites prior to recruitment commencing at these sites. Participants will be given detailed information sheets covering all relevant aspects of their involvement in the project, including confidentiality and GDPR. All participants will be asked to sign a consent form. Project team members and facilitators all understand the principles of safeguarding. Specifically, they will: understand they have a duty of care for and a responsibility to protect the health, wellbeing and human rights of participants; recognise participants may be at increased risk of distress due to the nature of the study; understand how to offer practical and emotional support; know how to signpost to any relevant support services.
Reporting and Future Research Ideas and recommendations generated through a discussion of the findings will be used to inform best practice and to implement clinical standards across the NHS. They will be reported in peer-reviewed publications and presented at conferences. A summary report of findings will be published on the University's website, as well as on the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation website to ensure availability to patients and the public. In addition, findings will be promoted and disseminated through our partners Lung Cancer Nursing UK, Mesothelioma UK, Scottish Lung Cancer Nursing Forum, National Cancer Research Institute and British Thoracic Oncology Group, as well as via social media channels.
Following completion of the project, the project team will review the potential for the research readiness tool that has been developed to be implemented and evaluated across a larger number of NHS sites, with recommendations for the tool's use being generated, to inform policy and practice in this area.
Timelines: The timeline for the project is 24 months, including the time taken to obtain relevant permissions and approvals prior to the commencement of the interview study. It is anticipated that survey, focus group and interview recruitment, data collection and analysis will take be carried out from Oct 2023 to March 2025, and the reporting and dissemination will take place from April to June 2025. Four six monthly steering group meetings are planned throughout the study duration.
