Monitored Anesthesia Care Versus Intubated General Anesthesia for Open Heart Surgery Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Exclusion Criteria

• •1\) systolic pulmonary blood pressure \> 70 mmHg;
• •2\) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or simplified airway risk index \> 3;
• •3\) Child-Pugh grade B or C liver insufficiency or renal insufficiency (24-h creatinine clearance \< 80 mL/min and blood urea nitrogen \> 7.5 mmol/L);
• •4\) coagulopathy (aPTT prolongation \> 10 seconds versus normal controls, PT prolongation \> 3 seconds versus normal controls, and INR \> 3.0).