Specific Aims:
To validate acceptable image quality and the stress/rest myocardial count density ratio (as defined below) of the Rapid Stress/Rest Protocol
Experimental Design and Methods:
Validation of the stress/rest myocardial count density ratio achieved using a standard rest/stress protocol incorporating a conventional 3:1 stress/rest Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical dose ratio.
Human subjects:
To determine the stress/rest myocardial count density ratio encountered using existing rest/stress imaging protocols in routine clinical practice, 100 consecutive patients undergoing either exercise or pharmacologic stress (dipyridamole or regadenoson) myocardial perfusion SPECT were included. The stress/rest Tc-99m sestamibi/Tc-99m tetrofosmin radiopharmaceutical dose ratio was 3:1 in all patients. Stress and rest maximal myocardial counts were determined from reconstructed tomograms using Evolution software (GE Healthcare).
The Investigational, novel stress/rest protocol:
Human Subjects: Characteristics and Plans for Recruitment 100 patients, who give their consent, presenting for myocardial perfusion SPECT in whom exercise or pharmacologic stress is clinically indicated will be enrolled prospectively. There will be no bias in selection of patients with regard to gender or racial/ethnic composition. 50 patients will be stressed with exercise. 50 additional patients will receive pharmacologic stress with the on-label dose of Regadenoson. All patients will receive the appropriate dose of radiotracer according to their size and weight. Pregnant women and those who are breast feeding will not be enrolled.
Patient Informed Consent:
Written informed consent will be obtained by either the Principal Investigator, the PI's research assistant (a physician), a Nuclear Medicine resident, or a Cardiology fellow (who will supervise and monitor the stress testing).
Methods - Imaging and Data Analysis:
The rapid stress/rest protocol, as described above, will be performed using the GE Ventri, MG or Maxxus dual-head supine scintillation camera and UltraSPECT Wide Beam Reconstruction (WBR) software. Both stress and rest SPECT will be performed in all patients, even if the initial stress images are normal.
Images will be interpreted and reported in the standard fashion for clinical patient management, characterizing perfusion defects in terms of location, extent, severity, reversibility, and function in terms of volume, regional wall motion and wall thickening.
Patient flow:
1. Upon arrival in the Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, patients will be interviewed regarding their medical history and a limited physical examination will be performed (as routinely performed for all clinically-indicated myocardial perfusion scans), and informed consent will be obtained for enrollment in this research study.
2. Patients able to perform treadmill exercise to 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate will undergo treadmill exercise stress. In the remainder of patients pharmacologic stress will be achieved with intravenous regadenoson. A stress dose of 5-7 mCi (adjusted for patient weight and chest circumference) Tc-99m sestamibi will be administered intravenously.
3. Post-stress gated SPECT will be acquired 30-60 min. thereafter using a full-time stress (12 min.) acquisition protocol, and processed using "half-time" Wide Beam Reconstruction software (i.e."half-dose" WBR protocol).
4. Within 60 minutes thereafter patients will receive an additional intravenous dose of 35-42 mCi (adjusted for patient weight and chest circumference) Tc-99m sestamibi at rest.
5. Resting gated SPECT will be acquired 40-60 minutes thereafter using a half-time resting (7.5 min.) acquisition protocol, and processed using "half-time" Wide Beam Reconstruction software (i.e. half-time" WBR protocol).
6. The estimated time for the entire study is approximately 3 hrs, which is slightly less than the time fro the standard rest/stress protocol the investigators now use.
Scans will be assessed for image quality using a 5-point subjective scale used in several reports the investigators have published previously (in references #2 and #3 below):
The image quality of the stress and rest perfusion tomograms and the gated tomograms is graded visually using a 5-point scale: 1 (poor) - 5 (excellent). Myocardial count density and uniformity, endocardial and epicardial edge definition, visualization and definition of the right ventricle, and background noise are parameters considered subjectively when grading image quality. In addition to those same attributes considered when grading the summed perfusion tomograms, the definition of the left ventricular cavity at end-systole and the temporal smoothness of the gated frames are also considered when grading the post-stress and rest gated images.
Stress and rest absolute myocardial count density and the stress:rest myocardial count density ratio will be determined from processed tomograms using General Electric Xeleris computer software. Count density is basically the "information density" of the scan. In general, as for all of nuclear imaging, the higher the count density, the better the image quality, the lower the incidence of scan artifacts, and the greater the clinical value of the scan.
The rest/stress myocardial count density ratio achieved using the novel low-dose stress/high-dose rest protocol will be compared to the stress/rest ratios achieved using conventional rest/stress protocols (described above). The unpaired Student's t-test will be used. In addition rest/stress count densities achieved using exercise (50 patients) and regadenoson (50 patients) with the novel protocol will be compared with stress/rest ratios achieved using standard rest/stress imaging in the exercise (59 patients) and regadenoson (29 patients) subgroups.
Primary Endpoint 1: Comparison of the myocardial count density ratio of the test group using the Rapid Protocol vs. the myocardial count density ratio of the Traditional protocol in the control group.
Secondary Endpoints
1. Image quality
2. \# of patients with normal stress studies that may have had a stress-only study.
3. Reduction in radiation exposure between Test (Rapid) and Control (Traditional) groups
4. Comparison of absolute stress and rest myocardial count densities in Test and Control groups 5. Start to finish time, and potential cost savings between the two groups 6. Comparison of total radiopharmaceutical dose between the two groups
Study Duration:
1 year
Statistical Plan:
Primary endpoint: The individual stress and rest, as well as the stress:rest myocardial count density ratio will be determined from test group processed tomograms and compared with control group using UNPAIRED T TEST
Secondary: The image quality of the test group stress and rest perfusion tomograms and the gated tomograms will be graded visually using a 5-point scale: 1 (poor) - 5 (excellent), and compared with the control group using the UNPAIRED T TEST.
The overall reduction in radiation exposure to the test group will be analyzed using, as a comparator, the patient size and weight based radiopharmaceutical dose and imaging time used in a standard Stress/Rest Protocol.
The time and cost savings associated with forgoing the resting study in those patients with a normal stress scan will be calculated.
Based on a control group mean maximum contrast dose (MCD) of 4.4 and standard deviation of 9.5, this study will have greater than 80% power to detect a 0.3 difference in the MCD ratio. (Alpha=5%)
