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Showing 1-11 of 11 trials
NCT06546982
The goal of this project is to adapt the gold nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology to clinical application. In this exploratory study a measurement protocol will be established to subsequently investigate whether SERS allows to diagnose patients infected with typhoid fever as well as to stage the disease.
NCT05579821
Fever management is a major problem in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) where access to good quality diagnostic test is often unavailable. Fever due to typhoid is similar to other undifferentiated febrile illnesses and typhoid can be mistaken with other vector borne febrile illnesses such as scrub typhus. Currently available diagnostic tests, blood and bone marrow culture, and RDTs have several limitations including a low sensitivity and specificity . Recently, several antigens of Salmonella Typhi useful for serodiagnosis of typhoid has been identified. Salmonella Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemolysin E (HlyE) have been identified as top candidate antigens by several studies to differentiate acute typhoid patients from healthy individuals. DPP® Typhoid Assay is a multiplex rapid test that detects IgA antibodies to LPS and HlyE antigen. It is considered to have high sensitivity and specificity and its results were found to be highly correlated with ELISA results. However, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate this test and limited information about the accuracy of this test is present. Hence, this study will evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this test in archived serum sample of well characterized blood culture positives and negatives in support of new innovation on typhoid diagnostics.
NCT01405521
Using an established model of human typhoid infection, whereby healthy adults are deliberately infected with typhoid-causing bacteria, the investigators will determine how effective a new oral typhoid vaccine (M01ZH09) is in preventing infection. A previously licensed oral typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) will be used to make sure the challenge model used works properly.
NCT02324751
Using an established model of human typhoid infection, whereby healthy adults are deliberately exposed to typhoid-causing bacteria, the investigators will determine how effective a new typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV) is in preventing infection. The new typhoid vaccine will be compared with a control vaccine (meningococcal ACWY). The protective effect of a currently used typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) will also be studied and compared with the control vaccine using this model of typhoid infection. A second component of this study will involve vaccinating 15-20 participants with Vi-PS. Serum will be obtained prior to vaccination and 4-6 weeks after vaccination. The post-vaccination serum will be pooled and used to create an anti-Vi IgG serum standard.
NCT02192008
Enteric fever, an infection characterised by diarrhoea and rash, is most often caused by a bacteria called Salmonella enterica. After ingesting contaminated food or drink, the Salmonellae travel first to the gut, then the bloodstream, from where they can infect other parts of the body. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria, but with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, this treatment is becoming less effective. Two Salmonella variants, Typhi and Paratyphi, cause over 30 million cases of enteric fever and more than 200,000 deaths per year, mostly in developing countries. While improved hygiene and sanitation should eventually eliminate enteric fever, reduction of the disease burden in the medium term is achievable through effective vaccination. Vaccines likely to be available for mass vaccination are effective only against those Salmonella strains that bear the Vi polysaccharide capsule protein. Strains that do not have these capsule proteins, or have no capsule, will not be affected by vaccination and could 'fill' the space vacated by the capsulated strains. Indeed, enteric fever caused by S. Paratyphi A which does not carry the Vi protein, has risen during the past decade and accounts for more than half of all cases in some areas. Thus it is important that effective vaccines are available to protect against infection by both capsulated and noncapsulated Salmonella enterica. To develop such vaccines, we need a complete understanding of the human immune response to both types, including the contribution of immunity in the gut and the bloodstream, immune response to bacterial surface proteins, and the role of antibodies. How much cross-protection there is between the types of typhoidal Salmonellae after natural infection or vaccination is not known, but this is critical to vaccine development. This project aims to fill in the knowledge gaps highlighted, by fully characterising the infection process and immune response in enteric fever.
NCT03554213
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a government-led typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction program on typhoid disease burden in Navi Mumbai, India.
NCT03600025
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi causes over 21 million cases of febrile illness and 200,000 deaths are attributed to enteric fever each year. Typhoid fever is an enteric infection that results in febrile illness. Typhoid fever causes significant morbidity in the developing world especially young children.S. Typhi specific antibody responses are elicited in typhoid fever and following typhoid vaccination. Cross-reactive multifunctional CD+4 T cell mediated IL-17 responses have been shown in typhoid fever. As S. Typhi as an intracellular pathogen, cellular immune responses might be central to protection. S. Typhi peptide subunit vaccine elicits CD+4 T cell responses that correlate with protection in mice. The role of mucosal associated invariant T cell (MAIT) and natural killer (NK) cell responses in typhoid fever or following vaccination remain poorly understood. Transcriptome profiling of human immune responses to S. Typhi infection is not clearly understood. Establishing successful infection by S. Typhi evasion of T cell and neutrophil responses need to be investigated to better understand the correlates of protection.
NCT02224040
The current study goal is to examine the effect of Cephalosporins, Azithromycin and the combination of both on typhoid fever therapy in endemic population. The investigator's hypothesize that the combination of azithromycin and ceftriaxone may prove superior to each drug, ceftriaxone or azithromycin, alone.
NCT01438996
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the immunogenicity and the kinetics of the anti-Vi antibody response following secondary vaccination with the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health (NVGH) Vi-CRM197 vaccine in healthy adults previously vaccinated with either the NVGH Vi-CRM197 or Vi-polysaccharide (Typherix) in the H01\_04TP study (NCT01193907) and the immunogenicity and the kinetics of the anti-Vi antibody response following primary vaccination with the NVGH Vi-CRM197 vaccine in naïve healthy adults.
NCT00498654
The purpose of this trial is to examine the safety and immunogenicity of Ty800 oral vaccine in healthy adult subjects.
NCT00131833
This study is part of International Vaccine Institute (IVI)'s typhoid Vi demonstration project that aims to accelerate the rational introduction of Vi vaccines in typhoid endemic countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the Vi vaccine following a mass typhoid immunization campaign in an endemic area in Hechi City in the Guangxhi province of China. The cost-effectiveness and safety of Vi vaccination will also be evaluated.