Autonomic Regulation of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate During Orthostasis and Exercise in Healthy and Hypertensive Individuals

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress and physical exercise. Alterations in autonomic regulation may contribute to abnormal blood pressure responses, orthostatic hypotension, or exaggerated blood pressure responses during exercise, particularly in individuals with arterial hypertension. The aim of this study is to assess arterial stiffness and autonomic regulation of blood pressure and heart rate in healthy individuals and people with arterial hypertension. The study includes healthy young adults and older adults with hypertension who are followed at the Department of Hypertension. Older participants are further categorized into subgroups including hypertension, hypertension with orthostatic hypotension, hypertension with orthostatic hypertension, and hypertension with diabetes mellitus. All participants undergo standardized cardiovascular evaluation including orthostatic testing, graded exercise testing on a cycle ergometer, electrocardiography, and measurement of arterial stiffness parameters such as pulse wave velocity. During these procedures, blood pressure responses, heart rate variability, and heart rate recovery after exercise are assessed. Additional vascular and hemodynamic parameters are also recorded. Additional clinical data, including laboratory test results and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) obtained as part of routine outpatient care prior to study participation, are collected from medical records for participants with hypertension with their written informed consent. The study aims to improve understanding of cardiovascular autonomic regulation and vascular function in both healthy individuals and people with hypertension and related conditions.