The Effect of Lullaby During Bath Time on Mother-Infant Bonding, Postpartum Depression, and Parental Self-Efficacy in Infants

Exclusion Criteria

• •Mothers with a history of serious postpartum complications (such as postpartum hemorrhage)
• •Mothers diagnosed with psychiatric illness
• •Mothers who are unable to participate directly in the care of their baby (due to severe disability, mandatory bed rest, etc.)
• •Mothers who cannot participate in the lullaby program due to hearing impairment
• •Infants who experience serious respiratory, cardiac, or neurological problems at birth or thereafter, who have a skin disease or dermatological condition that limits bathing, who have a history of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, or who have a chronic disease or congenital anomaly