Probiotic Supplements in Osteoarthritis

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Rheumatoid arthritis or other active generalized inflammatory comorbidities affecting the gastrointestinal tract (IBD, celiac disease)
• •2. Performed a total knee replacement on the affected knee or the waiting list for joint replacement
• •3. surgeries (such as gastric bypass) or Other concomitant injuries can override OA symptoms or interfere with physical activity.
• •4. Malabsorption disorders, systemic organ failure (liver, renal, cardiac)
• •5. Use corticosteroids with doses above 10 mg/day or Intra-articular injections during the previous 6 months.
• •6. Recent antibiotic treatment (i.e., \<2 months before the beginning of the study).
• •7. Pregnancy/breastfeeding
• •8. Participants who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day were excluded.
• •9. Immunosuppressive treatment or impaired immune system
• •10. Chronic or acute diarrhea
• •11. Blood/plasma donation/transfusion during the 3 months of the study
• •12. Non-controlled diabetes
• •13. Allergy with regards to any of the study product ingredients.
• •14. Post-traumatic OA (e.g., fractures), congenital hip deformities, or degenerative or non-degenerative neurological conditions can alter pain perception.