AGE Burden and Response to Antiresorptive Therapy in Osteoporosis

Exclusion Criteria

• •Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2)
• •Chronic kidney disease with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m²
• •Active malignancy or history of malignancy within the past 5 years
• •Secondary causes of osteoporosis (including hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, malabsorption syndromes, or chronic liver disease)
• •Use of medications known to significantly affect bone metabolism other than antiresorptive therapy (e.g., long-term systemic glucocorticoids, anabolic osteoporosis agents)
• •Prior treatment with denosumab or bisphosphonates within the last 12 months
• •Inflammatory rheumatic diseases or chronic inflammatory conditions that may affect bone metabolism
• •Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• •Inability to comply with study procedures or follow-up visits