In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving dialysis, elevated blood pressure is common and poorly controlled in general. Although volume overload and sodium retention appear to be the main pathogenic mechanism of hypertension in this population, other factors such as increased arterial stiffness, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sleep apnea, activation of sympathetic nervous system, and use of recombinant erythropoietin may be also involved. Acupuncture laser therapy, which uses low-level laser treatment at specific acupuncture points, has shown promise in reducing blood pressure without invasive procedures. However, its specific efficacy in hemodialysis patients remains underexplored, necessitating this research
