Prevalence and Predictors of Incidental Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients With Graves' Disease Undergoing Thyroidectomy.

The prevalence of incidental thyroid cancer (ITC) in Graves' Disease (GD) patients undergoing thyroidectomy appears higher than historically believed, potentially exceeding 10% in large contemporary series, although significant variability exists. The presence of nodules is a strong predictor, while the roles of age, sex, and BMI require clarification. Most ITCs are papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMCs) with generally favorable prognoses, but concerns about aggressiveness persist. The purpose of the present study is to accurately evaluate the prevalence of incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC), including microcarcinomas, in a prospectively enrolled cohort of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease, utilizing standardized pathological examination protocols and secondary outcomes including predictors and histopathological characteristics.

Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, affecting approximately 0.5% of the US population. While definitive treatment often involves radioactive iodine (RAI) or antithyroid drugs (ATDs), thyroidectomy is increasingly utilized, especially for patients with large goiters, compressive symptoms, coexisting suspicious nodules, or contraindications/failure of other therapies. However, numerous studies over the past few decades have challenged this notion, reporting varying rates of incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC) discovered in thyroidectomy specimens from GD patients. Understanding the true prevalence and identifying predictors of incidental thyroid cancer (ITC) in this population is crucial for appropriate patient counseling, surgical decision-making, and determining the optimal extent of thyroidectomy. Identifying factors associated with an increased risk of incidental thyroid cancer in GD patients could help stratify risk and guide management. Several potential predictors in literatures reviews have been investigated, with some conflicting results: * Presence of Nodules: The presence of thyroid nodules within the diffuse goiter of GD is a consistently reported risk factor for ITC. * Age: Some studies suggest older age is a risk factor. However others, identified younger age as a predictor. This discrepancy requires further investigation. * Sex: Male sex has been identified as a risk factor in some studies, although GD is much more prevalent in females. * Body Mass Index (BMI): patients with cancer had a higher BMI. * Thyroid Autoantibodies and Thyroglobulin: thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), thyroglobulin antibody(TgAbs), and thyroglobulin(Tg) levels but found no statistically significant differences between benign and malignant groups in their cohort undergoing total thyroidectomy for benign diseases. The role of specific GD-related antibodies (e.g., thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies) as predictors requires further study. The study will enroll approximately 280 patients , utilizing standardized data collection (demographics, clinical history, laboratory, imaging and operative data) and pathological examination protocols. The primary outcome is the prevalence of incidental thyroid cancer (ITC), secondary outcomes including predictors and histopathological characteristics.