The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Combined With Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score \<20;
• •2. Electrocardiographic evidence of severe bradycardia (heart rate \<50 beats per minute);
• •3. Presence of skin lesions or infections at the electrical stimulation site;
• •4. History of preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy;
• •5. Concomitant severe organic diseases with compromised tolerance to interventions;
• •6. Prior exposure to Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation (TEAS) or transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with documented insensitivity;
• •7. Inability to communicate normally, dementia, hearing impairment, or severe psychiatric disorders.