Time-of-Day Effects of Fasted Exercise on Energy Intake

In a five-way crossover design, participants will complete three fasted and one non-fasted exercise sessions on a treadmill in randomized order on weekdays with one week in between sessions: once in the morning (\~1h after participants' habitual wake-up time) following a 12h overnight fast (12h AMEx), once in the evening (exactly 12h after the 12h AMEx condition) after a 6h fast (6h PMEx), and once in the evening (identical to the 6h PMEx condition) following a 12h fast (12h PMEx). As control conditions, a subsample of participants (n=17) will also complete a fed morning exercise condition (AMEx Fed; identical timing to 12h AMEx) and a fed evening exercise condition (PMEx Fed; identical timing to 12h PMEx), following a small pre-exercise snack (\~10% of individual energy requirements; 30 min before exercise). The standardized meals provided before the fasting period contained 30% of the individual's daily energy requirements and consisted of \~50% carbohydrates, \~30% fat, and \~20% protein.