Effect of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine on Chronic Post-Surgical Pain

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Severe heart failure or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \<30%, or the presence of coronary artery disease, cardiac conduction abnormalities, or arrhythmias;
• •2. Abnormal liver function, defined as ALT \>100 IU/L or Child-Pugh Class B;
• •3. Renal insufficiency, characterized by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<60 mL/min or a preoperative serum creatinine level \>120 µmol/L;
• •4. A history of peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, asthma, or cerebrovascular disease;
• •5. Known allergy to medications potentially used in this study, including dexmedetomidine, propofol, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or local anesthetics;
• •6. Body mass index (BMI) \>30 kg/m²;
• •7. Preoperatively diagnosed psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, or sleep disturbances;
• •8. Long-term use of opioids or sedatives, defined as usage for 3 months or longer;
• •9. Pregnant women, postpartum individuals, and breastfeeding mothers;
• •10. Patients anticipated to require postoperative admission to the intensive care unit (ICU);
• •11. Patients with nasal abnormalities or conditions that preclude or contraindicate intranasal drug administration.