Bile Acids As Determinants of Postprandial Metabolism

Exclusion Criteria

• •Pregnant women
• •History of bariatric surgery and/or intestinal resection
• •Inflammatory bowel disease
• •Celiac disease
• •Liver disease
• •Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• •Casein allergy
• •Alcohol consumption \>30 g/day
• •Use of antimicrobial therapy within the past two months
• •Note: The use of dietary supplements was not considered an exclusion factor. The use of medication for the treatment of chronic diseases was evaluated on a case-by-case basis and did not constitute, a priori, an exclusion factor.