Characterizing the Inflammation Around Dental Implants: Bacterial Infection, Hypersensitivity or Both?

Exclusion Criteria

• •Dental records with incomplete information;
• •Individuals with a weak immune system or chronic disease such as diabetes, heart, lung or kidney disease;
• •Pregnant women;
• •Individuals undergoing orthodontic therapy and those who have oral piercing.
• •History of diseases that modify or suppress the immune and inflammatory response, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease and metastatic cancer;
• •Taking medications that cause antiresorptive osteonecrosis of the jaw (including any dose of intravenous bisphosphonates, oral bisphosphonate intake for more than three years, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand inhibitors, or antiangiogenic medications);
• •Taking medications known to induce gingival hyperplasia including anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, or calcium channel blockers;
• •Taking steroid medications, systemic or local antibiotics in the last three months (as this may affect the interleukins activity);
• •Received radiation therapy to the head and neck or chemotherapy;
• •Received treatment to manage an inflamed implant, including management of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis in the last three months.