Role of Aging and Individual Variation in Exercise Training Responsiveness

Exclusion Criteria

• •Poor vein access
• •Current use of tobacco or any nicotine products, including e-cigarettes
• •Insulin-dependent diabetes
• •Active untreated hypothyroidism with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations \> 10.0 uIU/mL
• •Systemic inflammatory or connective tissue disease, chronic infectious disease, chronic pulmonary disease or symptomatic cardiovascular disease with positive functional study by ECG or imaging
• •Current, actively treated malignancy other than dermatologic conditions
• •Absolute contraindications to exercise testing: ongoing unstable angina; uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise; active endocarditis; symptomatic severe aortic stenosis; decompensated heart failure; acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis; acute myocarditis or pericarditis; acute aortic dissection; physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing
• •Relative contraindications to exercise testing: known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis; moderate to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms; tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates; acquired advanced or complete heart block; hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient; recent stroke or transient ischemic attack; mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate; uncorrected medical conditions, such as hypertension, significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism
• •Modified testing contraindications: acute myocardial infarction (MI) within six months; resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures \>160/90 mmHg
• •Unable to safely participate in an exercise program per study protocol per PI discretion
• •Planned, intentional weight loss during study