After securing the approval from the Ethical Review Board of hospital, this study was conducted in the Nephrology Department, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. All patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was assessed based on the previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from all eligible participants who agreed to participate in the study.
Baseline Data Collection: Upon enrollment, demographic and clinical information including age, gender, duration of diabetes, baseline renal function tests, current medication use, and baseline measures of HBA1c, FBS, RBS and proteinuria were collected. This information was provided a comprehensive profile of each participant at the start of the study.
Treatment Allocation: Patients was randomly assigned into two groups using a lottery method:
* Group A: received 140 mg of silymarin administered orally three times daily, alongside their standard treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.
* Group B: received placebo capsule three times a day alongside their standard treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.
Monitoring and Follow-up Assessments: Participants was assessed for outcomes after at one month and 3 months to monitor changes in proteinuria and renal function. Specific tests were included:
* Measurement of Urinary Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (UACR): Participants were required to provide 24-hour urine specimens at one month and three months into the study. To ensure that the urine samples are not affected by external factors, patients was instructed to maintain their usual physical activities and avoid strenuous exercises the evening before the assessment days. Proteinuria was quantified using immunoturbidimetry.
* Assessment of Serum Creatinine and Calculation of eGFR to Monitor Renal Function: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-EPI formula at one month and three months. These assessments were help to monitor any changes in renal function over the course of the study.
* Measurement of HbA1c levels after 3 months. The data was recorded meticulously using standardized data collection forms. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Baseline characteristics of participants (age, gender, duration of diabetes, baseline renal function tests, HbA1c, FBS, RBS) were summarized using means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Changes in UACR, eGFR, and HbA1c from baseline to one month and three months were compared between Group A (silymarin) and Group B (placebo) using independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, depending on the normality of the data. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to adjust for any baseline imbalances and potential confounders between the two groups. Repeated measures ANOVA were employed to analyze changes over time within and between treatment groups for UACR, eGFR, and HbA1c levels, accounting for within-subject correlation over the assessment periods. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
