Prediction and Evaluation by ETCOc of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Cohort

Study design: this study is a multi-center, prospective observational cohort study on neonatal jaundice. Eligible participants will be enrolled in the well-baby nursery and neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Transcutaneous bilirubin and/or total serum bilirubin (TCB/TSB) will be measured as per clinical practice and simultaneous ETCOc (within time intervals ≤3 hours) will be monitored until (1) the newborn is discharged with the mother, or (2) until 72 hours after birth or (3) requiring the treatments for hyperbilirubinemia (phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion) (whichever comes first). For infants who do not require treatments for hyperbilirubinemia (phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion) during the stay in well-baby nursery or in the NICU within 72 hours after birth, they will be followed up via telephone or outpatient clinic visits during the first 14 days of life (DOL). The primary outcome is the first occurrence of hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatments within DOL14. For participants who have the primary outcome occurred within DOL14, follow-up calls/visits will continue until DOL28 to record the readmissions due to hyperbilirubinemia within 28 DOL . The secondary outcomes are 1) the incidence of hemolytic diseases of newborns; 2) characteristics of treatment for hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia: postnatal age when requiring the treatment, levels of TCB/TSB/ETCOc during hospitalization, length of stay, length of phototherapy, courses of phototherapy, exchange of transfusion, the use of intravenous immunoglobulin; 3) characteristics of readmission for hyperbilirubinemia in 28 DOL: readmission for hyperbilirubinemia in 28 DOL, postnatal age when readmitted, TCB/TSB levels when readmitted Exposures and measurements: 1. Early postnatal (≤72 hours) ETCOc levels 2. ETCOc levels within 14 days after birth 3. ETCOc levels before each phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion treatment 4. ETCOc levels when stopping phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion treatment Covariates and characteristics: covariates will be collected including maternal and prenatal history (e.g., mother's blood type \[ABO and Rh type\], G6PD deficiency status, etc.), family history (e.g., history of hemolytic diseases in the previous newborn, history of NHB treatment in the previous newborn, etc.). Clinical characteristics include demographic characteristics (e.g., gestational age, birth weight), infant's blood type (ABO and Rh type), the status of G6PD deficiency,ABO incompatibility and hemolysis, feeding history and other risk factors (e.g., early discharge after birth, excessive weight loss and the presence of hematoma) as well as data related to the primary and secondary outcomes. For analysis, this study will examine the association between early postnatal ETCOc and the incidence of hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia, and the relation of ETCOc levels with the characteristics of treatments for hyperbilirubinemia.