Bispectral Index and Emergence Agitation in Spinal Surgeries

Recovery and emergence agitation is a problem that occurs after anesthesia and requires urgent intervention. The effects of changes in EEG waves during anesthesia or undesirable deep periods in Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring on recovery agitation are the subject of this research.

Many strategies have been developed to monitor perioperative anesthesia depth. Bispectral index (BIS) is a monitor that analyzes electroencephalogram (EEG) data and produces a numerical value. This value indicates the patient's level of consciousness and helps evaluate the depth of anesthesia. BIS is a routinely used monitor that continuously monitors the patient's state of consciousness during anesthesia. In this way, the depth of anesthesia can be controlled more precisely (1). When the level of consciousness is deep, the BIS value decreases and increases as the surface is approached. With this feature, it ensures that the patient's depth of anesthesia is kept at an optimal level and adjusted when necessary. This may help minimize anesthesia-related complications(2). BIS alone may not be sufficient to evaluate the depth of anesthesia. It should be used in conjunction with other clinical findings and monitors. Nowadays, anesthesia depth monitoring is a widely used method and is performed routinely in our clinic. Many strategies have been developed to monitor perioperative anesthesia depth. BIS is a monitor that analyzes electroencephalogram (EEG) data and produces a numerical value. This value indicates the patient's level of consciousness and helps evaluate the depth of anesthesia. BIS is a routinely used monitor that continuously monitors the patient's state of consciousness during anesthesia. In this way, the depth of anesthesia can be controlled more precisely (1). When the level of consciousness is deep, the BIS value decreases and increases as the surface is approached. With this feature, it ensures that the patient's depth of anesthesia is kept at an optimal level and adjusted when necessary. This may help minimize anesthesia-related complications(2). BIS alone may not be sufficient to evaluate the depth of anesthesia. It should be used in conjunction with other clinical findings and monitors. Nowadays, anesthesia depth monitoring is a widely used method and is performed routinely in our clinic. BIS (Bisspectral Index) Suppression Ratio is a value that measures the suppression rate of brain activity during anesthesia (3). This rate is calculated by analyzing EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals. This ratio indicates significant decreases in brain activity and increases as anesthesia deepens (4). Suppression is often desired in cases of deep anesthesia, especially during surgical intervention. However, an excessively high suppression rate can lead to delayed recovery times. The use of BIS Suppression Ratio in anesthesia management can help to more precisely control the patient's arousal process and the depth of general anesthesia. This value provides the anesthesia team with a guide to optimize the patient's state of consciousness and minimize complications that may occur during anesthesia. However, it is important that BIS Suppression Ratio should not be evaluated alone and should be used in conjunction with other clinical information(5). Each patient's response may be different, and therefore the anesthesia team must manage the depth of anesthesia by considering multiple factors. It has been shown in the literature that BIS Suppression Ratio (SR) values \>40 have a similar effect to low BIS values. However, the undesirable Suppression Ratio in terms of number and duration is not fully known (6). "Recovery agitation" generally refers to a situation that may occur after a surgical intervention or anesthesia. This condition describes the restlessness and agitation (symptoms such as restlessness, tension, insomnia) that the patient shows during the awakening process and during the recovery period from anesthesia. Recovery agitation sometimes occurs when the patient tries to wake up. It may occur when it starts and is usually a short-term condition that resolves on its own. However, in some cases, this agitation may be more pronounced and disturbing. This may affect the patient's condition and relaxation. The severity of the agitation may vary from person to person. Rapid recovery from anesthesia in the clinic is also a risk of agitation. Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale and Richmond Agitation-Sedation scale are the most frequently used methods to measure recovery agitation (7). When the literature is examined, there are not enough studies on Bis suppression ratio and its relationship with recovery agitation is not yet known enough. For this purpose, our study aimed to question this relationship.