Recovery Protein Nutrition as a Countermeasure for Anabolic Resistance Following Sleep Loss

The nutritional fitness of Service Members directly influences recovery from operational stress. Inadequate recovery nutrition following military missions, including sleep loss, exacerbates skeletal muscle loss and contributes to degraded physical performance. Muscle loss and performance declines following stress are in part due to inadequate nutritional fitness, impaired muscle recovery, and negative whole-body protein balance (WBPB). Sleep loss dysregulates anabolic hormones, induces catabolism, and reduces muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, WBPB has not been assessed following military-relevant sleep loss (i.e., 4h/d) alone. This presents an important knowledge gap given the influence of WBPB on health and readiness. Consuming increased dietary protein following sleep loss could enhance muscle recovery by stimulating MPS and supporting WBPB, but whether protein recovery nutrition counteracts the stress of sleep loss is unknown. Beyond the quantity of protein consumed, optimizing the timing/distribution of daily protein consumption is required to augment anabolism. Consuming a skewed protein distribution results in meals (i.e., breakfast and lunch) that deliver a suboptimal protein quantity for maximally stimulating MPS. Alternatively, targeting an even protein distribution may optimize anabolism and recovery following stress by providing per meal protein quantities that maximally stimulate MPS and support WBPB. The efficacy of manipulating protein distribution for counteracting the stress of sleep loss is unknown. The proposed effort will determine protein nutritional status (MPS and WBPB) in response to military-relevant sleep loss, and whether an even protein nutrition distribution during recovery optimally supports MPS and WBPB. Adults (n=20) will complete a 7d sleep satiated phase (\~7-9h target/d), a 4d military-relevant sleep restriction phase (\~4h /d), and a 3d recovery phase (\~7-9h target/d) in a randomized, parallel design. During recovery, volunteers will consume 1.6 g protein/kg/d as an even (\~0.4/0.4/0.4/0.4 g/kg) or skewed (\~0.11/0.27/1.15/0.07 g/kg) distribution. Sleep will be monitored throughout the study using wrist actigraphy and diaries. During each phase, integrated daily MPS will be estimated using ingested deuterium oxide, salivary and blood sampling, and muscle biopsies, while WBPB will be estimated using ingested 15-N alanine and urine collections. At the end of each phase, metabolic testing will be used to assess the effects of sleep loss on substrate utilization and include consuming a carbohydrate beverage, serial blood draws, indirect calorimetry, and steady-state aerobic exercise. The knowledge products derived from the proposed effort will be informative to next generation ration development and support military-specific recovery nutrition guidance following operations involving sleep loss.