Sleep is one of the basic physiological needs of humans. It is necessary for the mind to perform functions such as learning, memory and cognition. Sleep disorders, which can occur for short or long periods in the perioperative period, affect many patients. Studies have shown that approximately 8.8-79.1% of patients experience perioperative sleep disorders, and this situation can continue for a long time after surgery.
According to animal and human studies, anesthetic agents may cause sleep disorders in the postoperative period. Anesthetics can disrupt the normal sleep-wake cycle and thus cause insomnia and poor sleep quality. Since postoperative pain and emotional changes will also cause sleep disturbances, the view that general anesthesia impairs postoperative sleep quality has not yet been proven.
Different types of surgery have varying effects on sleep quality. Patients state that they experience more sleep disruption due to pain, especially after orthopedic surgery. Patients' sleep quality may be even worse due to the greater trauma caused by major surgery. Thoracolumbar posterior instrumentation is a frequently used method in the treatment of spinal instability resulting from spinal trauma, neoplasia, congenital or degenerative diseases. Therefore, we wanted to specifically evaluate this patient group in our study.
Old age, female gender and chronic diseases are among the factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing sleep disorders. Environmental factors and healthcare practices in the hospital may contribute to sleep disturbances. Postoperative environment change, inadequate beds, noise and lights in the ward, medical staff, night treatment and nursing controls, machine noises, postoperative diets and warnings from the urinary catheter are additional factors that affect patients' sleep.
Evaluation of sleep disorders is mainly based on clinical symptoms (difficulty falling asleep, early awakening, night terrors, nightmares or abnormal behavior during the sleep period) and auxiliary objective scales. Subjective sleep quality assessment mainly scales: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Athens Insomnia Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS). The most commonly used assessment in clinical studies is the PSQI. PSQI has high reliability and validity, but evaluates over a one-month period. The PIRS\_20 scale, which is a self-assessment survey, is a scale created by the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh and evaluates the sleep quality of participants in the last week. It generally consists of a questionnaire with a total of twenty items, including subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and sleep disorders. Scoring ranges from 0 to 60. A score of 20 and above indicates poor sleep quality, while as the score increases, sleep quality deteriorates.
Sleep disorders can negatively impact patient recovery, contributing to higher rates of postoperative complications such as neurological and cardiovascular morbidity and delayed postoperative recovery. They are also risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, as well as dementia, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, depression, pain and even death. It is also considered an important risk factor for the development of delirium. Despite posing a significant threat to public health, sleep disorders remain poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and poorly managed, especially in perioperative patients. The potential negative consequences of sleep disorders indicate the need for greater attention to this issue.
Despite its importance, sleep quality assessment is not a part of the routine preoperative evaluation of patients and does not receive enough attention. Peroperative sleep assessment can provide information for anesthesiologists and surgeons that may allow early interventions. There are no guidelines or sufficient number of studies for clinical use.
In this study, PIRS-20 (Pittsburg Insomnia Rating Scale\_20), VAS (Visual Analog Scale), State Anxiety Scale (STAI-1) will be used. In addition, the Oswestry Functional Disability Scale, SRS-22 (Scoliosis Research Society-22) questionnaire, EQ-5D-5L General Quality of Life Scale, SF-36 Quality of Life Scale, which are routinely used in orthopedic clinics, are used to evaluate anesthesia and surgery in patients undergoing posterior spinal instrumentation. The investigators aimed to evaluate changes in sleep patterns caused by trauma and simultaneously anxiety and pain levels.
The aim of this research is to evaluate how major orthopedic surgery and general anesthesia affect the sleep quality of patients who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation.
The primary hypothesis of this study is that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil is superior to inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane in terms of sleep quality. In this process, the investigators aimed to identify risk factors for patients, thus improving surgical results and patient comfort.
