REcovery From DEXmedetomidine-induced Unconsciousness

Exclusion Criteria

• •Neurologic: epilepsy or positive history of a seizure, stroke, central disorders of hypersomnolence, neuroimmunological disorder (e.g. multiple sclerosis), Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathy, no significant visual or hearing impairments, findings in the clinical examination suggesting a neurologic disorder
• •Psychiatric: history or treatment for an active psychiatric problem (including Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorder)
• •Cardiovascular: hypertension, symptomatic hypotension or bradycardia, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, familial history of sudden cardiac death
• •Respiratory: bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, shortness of breath, sleep apnea
• •Gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, ulcer
• •Hepatic: hepatitis, jaundice, ascites
• •Renal: acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency
• •Reproductive: pregnancy, breast-feeding
• •Endocrine: diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal gland disease
• •Hematologic: blood dyscrasias, anemia, coagulopathies
• •Musculoskeletal: prior surgery or trauma to head neck or face, arthritis, personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia
• •Medications: regular use of prescription and non-prescription medications expected to affect central nervous function, anticoagulant or thrombocyte-aggregation inhibiting therapy; exception: oral hormonal contraception
• •Allergies: dexmedetomidine, phenylephrine, betablockers (including labetalol and esmolol), hydralazine, glycopyrrolate
• •Potential participants will not be enrolled in our study if they fail to pass a standard drug screening test (toxicology).