Algarve Active Ageing - Cardiac and Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation (A3-COR)

A new exercise protocol (A3-COR Protocol) for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) recovering after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or with cardiovascular risk (CVR) was developed and implemented. The purpose of the A3-COR protocol is to improve quality of life, functionality, and pain, through regular physical exercise facilitating an active and healthy lifestyle. This clinical trial includes 2 parallel intervention groups with a pre- and post-test analysis. In the exercise group (EG), the participants will receive a twelve weeks of a supervised personalised exercise program and in the control group (CG) there will be no intervention. Both groups will have a behavioral change session with a psychologist to promote changes in lifestyle and a session with a nutritionist to promote healthy eating habits. Both groups will be assessed two times, the pre-test in the beginning of the study (T0-Baseline) before starting the intervention or control and the post-test taking place at the end of 12 weeks (T1-Post-test). The sample includes subjects from the community who met the defined eligibility criteria. Participation in the study is voluntary and sample recruitment will be carried out through publicity materials, such as flyers posted at senior universities, institutions/associations, municipalities, parish councils, sports complexes, health centres, among other public spaces of interest. To calculate the sample size, the software G\*Power was used. The primary outcome for this clinical trial was the knee-related pain, measured by the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) with is a self-reported outcome with five subscales: 1) Symptoms+Stiffness; 2) Pain; 3) Function, daily living; 4) Function, sports and recreational activities and 5) Quality of Life, all score 0-100. According to the literature, an important clinical difference in the KOOS subscales has been suggested to be 8 to 10 points. Based on the expected difference of 10 points between the intervention and control groups and a standard deviation of 20 in Pain, 64 patients were required in each group with a significance level of 0.05 and power of 80%. With an estimated dropout rate of 10%, a total number of 142 subjects will be randomized to the EG (n = 71) and to the CG (n = 71). The screening for acute myocardial infarction will be done with the presence of myocardial lesion detected by abnormal cardiac biomarkers evidencing acute myocardial ischemia. The screening of cardiovascular risk will consider the presence of any of the following cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, dyslipidemia, or smoking habits, according to the SCORE2 or SCORE2 O.P. The screening of knee osteoarthritis will be done according to the National Institute for Health and Excellence (NICE) (2022)(NG226), EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (2009) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR)(1986) clinical criteria. To identify participants with cognitive impairment, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) instrument was applied and cutoff points for the Portuguese population considering age and educational level were used. The training sessions combine cardiorespiratory exercises for the development of aerobic capacity and strength exercises, particularly resistant strength, in tasks that include open and closed chain exercises, using your own body weight and equipment for this purpose. The training zones are defined according to the performance of each individual in the test of cardiorespiratory fitness in effort and test of maximum isokinetic strength, carried out in the baseline.