Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in China, with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) accounting for approximately 85% of all acute strokes. Among these, large vessel occlusion-related AIS (AIS-LVO) represents about 20% of cases. Posterior circulation infarction, which occur in the vertebrobasilar artery territory, comprise 20-25% of all ischemic strokes. Although less common than anterior circulation ischemic strokes, posterior circulation infarctions-particularly AIS caused by basilar artery occlusion (AIS-BAO)-often present with severe symptoms and poor outcomes. Due to the heterogeneity of initial symptoms and diagnostic challenges, AIS-BAO frequently results in poor prognoses, posing significant challenges in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
The safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 4.5 hours of symptom onset in AIS have been confirmed by numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the heterogeneous presentation of posterior circulation AIS, the difficulty in clinical recognition compared to anterior circulation AIS, and the severe neurological deficits-especially the high mortality rate of AIS-BAO-pose various limitations on IVT. Endovascular treatment (EVT), including thrombectomy techniques, has substantially reduced the mortality and disability rates of patients with AIS-LVO. The key to treating AIS-BAO is recanalizing the acutely occluded basilar artery and rescuing the ischemic penumbra. Large RCTs have demonstrated that early EVT achieves better clinical outcomes in anterior circulation AIS-LVO patients eligible for mechanical thrombectomy compared to IVT alone.
In recent years, while multiple large RCTs have confirmed the efficacy of EVT for anterior circulation AIS-LVO, evidence for EVT in posterior circulation AIS-LVO remains limited. The BEST trial enrolled AIS patients with vertebrobasilar artery occlusion within 8 hours of symptom onset to compare EVT plus standard medical treatment versus medical treatment alone. The results showed that the combination group achieved better outcomes at 90 days, with no significant difference in mortality or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) rates compared to the medical treatment-only group. Similarly, the BASICS trial, an international multicenter RCT, enrolled 300 AIS-BAO patients within 6 hours of symptom onset and compared EVT combined with standard medical treatment to standard medical treatment alone. This study found no significant differences between the two groups in good functional outcomes, sICH, or mortality.
Recently, two studies focusing on thrombectomy for AIS-BAO reported promising results. The BAOCHE study randomized AIS-BAO patients who presented 6-24 hours after symptom onset into a thrombectomy plus standard medical treatment group or a standard medical treatment-only group. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-3 at 90 days. A total of 217 patients (110 in the combination group, 107 in the medical treatment group) were enrolled, and the results demonstrated that thrombectomy performed within 6-24 hours led to better functional outcomes at 90 days. The ATTENTION study, another RCT conducted across 36 stroke centers in China, enrolled AIS-BAO patients within 12 hours of symptom onset. Patients were randomized 2:1 to thrombectomy plus optimal medical treatment or optimal medical treatment alone. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving an mRS score of 0-3 at 90 days, and 340 patients (226 in the combination group, 114 in the medical treatment group) were enrolled. The results showed that thrombectomy within 12 hours significantly improved functional outcomes. Both studies demonstrated that thrombectomy combined with medical treatment yielded better outcomes than medical treatment alone for AIS-BAO. However, questions remain regarding the optimal timing, treatment modalities, bridging strategies, and anesthesia options for EVT in posterior circulation AIS. Further exploration is required to rapidly identify posterior circulation strokes and select appropriate EVT strategies based on clinical indications.
Clinically, the morbidity and mortality of posterior circulation AIS-LVO exceed 80%. AIS-BAO, in particular, is a neurological emergency with extremely high mortality if untreated, significantly affecting patients' quality of life and imposing substantial medical and financial burdens on families and society. IVT remains the most effective ultra-early treatment for AIS within 6 hours of onset. However, the adoption of IVT for posterior circulation AIS is lower than that for anterior circulation AIS, potentially due to delays in diagnosis or missed diagnoses caused by the heterogeneity of AIS-BAO symptoms. Among AIS patients receiving IVT, posterior circulation strokes (PCS) account for about 5-19%. Studies comparing the efficacy and safety of IVT in PCS and anterior circulation strokes (ACS) have found that while the risk of hemorrhagic complications is halved for PCS, functional outcomes are similar, but mortality is higher. Clinically, IVT can be used as standalone therapy for AIS-BAO or as a prelude to EVT. Which approach better improves AIS-BAO outcomes remains uncertain.
To date, most studies on IVT with EVT have focused on anterior circulation AIS. Both IVT and EVT are time-dependent treatments for AIS, with EVT success hinging on prompt initiation and optimization of processes to reduce door-to-puncture time (DTP). The SKIP trial found no significant difference in the time from randomization to femoral artery puncture between only EVT and IVT with EVT. Similarly, the DEVT trial, conducted in China, also reported no difference in this time interval between the two groups. A meta-analysis of 38 observational studies including 11,798 AIS-LVO patients (56% of whom underwent IVT with EVT) also confirmed no significant difference in EVT procedural time between the two groups. For anterior circulation AIS-LVO, four recent RCTs showed mixed results. DIRECT-MT and DEVT demonstrated that only EVT was non-inferior to IVT with EVT in terms of good functional outcomes at 90 days, while SKIP and MR CLEAN-IV did not confirm non-inferiority. Thus, EVT alone requires further robust evidence\[17, 18\]. Regarding safety, all four RCTs confirmed that IVT with EVT does not increase sICH rates. Additionally, the aforementioned meta-analysis\[16\] confirmed that IVT with EVT does not increase sICH risk. SKIP, DIRECT-MT, and DEVT further showed no significant difference in mortality between the two groups. However, the meta-analysis suggested that IVT with EVT significantly reduces 90-day mortality compared to only EVT. A real-world study also found that IVT with EVT was independently associated with lower 90-day mortality compared to only EVT.
Does IVT before EVT achieve higher recanalization rates? A retrospective study including 93 AIS patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion showed that IVT with EVT resulted in a higher proportion of reperfusion within 1 hour of femoral artery puncture compared to only EVT. Moreover, IVT with EVT achieved significantly higher rates of successful reperfusion (mTICI ≥ 2b). The DIRECT-MT study found that IVT with EVT caused fewer new infarctions from thrombus fragmentation than only EVT. Similarly, post-hoc analyses of the ESCAPE trial demonstrated that IVT with EVT significantly reduced new infarct risk compared to only EVT. Another study of 57 patients with M1 segment occlusions reported that IVT with EVT often required fewer thrombectomy passes to achieve recanalization compared to only EVT.
Combination therapy combines the rapidity of IVT with the high recanalization rates of EVT, theoretically offering better outcomes than only EVT. However, most of these studies focus on anterior circulation stroke treatment. To date, no large-scale RCTs have specifically evaluated EVT with or without prior IVT for AIS-BAO. Therefore, we plan to conduct a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study to assess the impact of different EVT strategies on outcomes in AIS-BAO.
The primary objective of this trial is to compare the efficacy and safety of IVT followed by EVT versus EVT alone in patients with AIS caused by BAO who are eligible for both treatment strategies within 4.5 hours after symptom onset.
The secondary objectives include assessing the effects of the two treatment strategies on neurological function (assessed by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale \[NIHSS\] score), activities of daily living (assessed by Barthel Index \[BI\] score), quality of life (assessed by EQ-5D-5L score), cerebrovascular reperfusion (assessed by eTICI), cerebrovascular recanalization (assessed by mAOL), infarct size (assessed by PC-ASPECTS and quantitative imaging detection), mortality, and the incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).
This is a multicentre, prospective, open-label, blinded endpoint evaluation, randomized controlled clinical trial (PROBE design). Based on published observational studies, this trial will first validate the superiority of IVT followed by EVT compared with EVT alone. However, given the limited prior evidence and the current findings from anterior circulation stroke studies, this trial will also validate the non-inferiority of EVT compared with IVT followed by EVT alone if the efficacy of the two treatment strategies is found to be comparable.
An interim analysis is scheduled after one-third of the sample size completes follow-up for the primary endpoint. The primary purpose of the interim analysis is to allow for sample size re-estimation. The data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) will calculate the conditional power based on the current data and provide recommendations to the BEST-BAO research team regarding potential sample size adjustments.
The trial will be conducted at nationally recognized stroke centers and is expected to last for 3 years.
