The Effect of Metformin and DPP4 Inhibitors on Cognition and Cardiovascular Protection in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Exclusion Criteria

• •• Diabetic patients who have been currently receiving anti-diabetic agents other than metformin and/or insulin
• •* Patients with type 1 DM, active liver disease, recent history of cardiovascular disease (acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery intervention, New York Heart Association Class III/IV heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic neurologic event, or new/worsening symptoms of coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease), severe peripheral vascular disease, triglyceride levels ≥ 600 mg/dL, history of HIV infection, pancreatitis, malignancy or clinically important hematologic disorder, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula) less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
• •* Moreover, patients with dementia, AD, those were in delirium status during evaluation period, patients with psychotic disease (schizoaffective disorder, etc.)
• •* Alcohol and substance addiction were not enrolled in the study.
• •* Also, patients who have any hypersensitivity to metformin or to DPP4 inhibitors were also excluded.