Aerobic Exercise in Patients With Stroke

Annually, 13.7 million strokes occur worldwide, placing it as a leading cause of death and disability, especially among older adults. Stroke survivors often face significant cognitive and motor impairments for months to years after a stroke event, creating significant deficits in functional capacity during activities of daily living (ADLs), as well as in overall quality of life. Stroke patients have identified interventions to improve cognitive outcomes, mobility training, and exercise programs as top priorities for guiding research pursuits. Aerobic exercise has been shown to produce significant improvements in key stroke rehabilitation outcomes, including functional movement, balance and cardiorespiratory fitness. Exercise programs have been shown to improve a variety of functional outcomes important for carrying out ADLs, including gait speed, gait endurance, Berg Balance Score, and 3-meter Timed Up and Go. Additionally, there is mounting evidence that aerobic exercise may improve cognitive recovery post-stroke. However, the research showing these effects has largely focused on exercise programs incorporated in a hospital or rehabilitation facility where patients are actively supervised by rehabilitation specialists. The American Heart Association recognizes that long-term and widely-applicable solutions for increasing exercise in post-stroke populations must hold the goal of exercise independence in the home and community settings. Cycle ergometry, commonly known as an exercise bike, is a staple for stroke rehabilitation programs given its minimal fall risk and ability to produce moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity in participants. Exercise programs using cycle ergometry have been shown to produce all previously mentioned functional and cardiorespiratory improvements in stroke survivors, however, the translation of this effectiveness to the home-environment is unknown. Additionally, cycle ergometry may have smaller effects on functional mobility outcomes than walking interventions, forcing prescribing physicians and patients to choose between long-term improvement and reduced fall risk. One potential alternative or supplement to traditional aerobic exercise programs is exergaming, interventions which use physically active video games to engage participants in exercise. Exergames have been shown to be safe and produce moderate intensity physical activity levels in subacute and chronic stroke patients. Additionally, they have been shown to increase a variety of functional outcomes when added to standard post-stroke rehabilitation care, however, like aerobic exercise programs, previous research has focused on the supervised clinical setting, and it is unknown if they produce similar effects to aerobic exercise.