Anesthesia Induction With Intravenous Bolus or Continuous Infusion of Remimazolam

Exclusion Criteria

• •Intraoperative regional blocks (e.g. spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, peripheral nerve block)
• •Liver resection or liver transplantation
• •Cardiopulmonary bypass
• •Uncontrolled HTN (SBP ≧180 mmHg, or ≧160 in patients taking antihypertensive drugs)
• •Uncontrolled DM (HbA1c antihypertensive drugs ≧9.0%)
• •Total bilirubin ≧3.0 mg/ml or AST or ALS ≧2.5 times the upper limit of normal
• •Serum creatinine ≧2.0 mg/ml or ESRD on dialysis
• •COPD in need of treatment
• •Patients who are expected to have difficulty in tracheal extubation immediately after surgery for postoperative lung management
• •Resistance to benzodiazepines
• •Hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, remifentanil, fentanyl citrate, rocuronium, sugammadex, flumazenil, or other anesthetic drugs
• •Myasthenia gravis or myasthenic syndrome
• •Myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, newly diagnosed coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass graft within 6 months
• •Implantation of rate-responsive cardiac pacemaker with bioelectrical impedance sensor
• •Organic brain disorder, or other neurologic diseases that cannot adequately measure EEG (BIS)
• •Severe allergic diseases
• •Cognitive impairment that makes it impossible to understand the instructions and informed consent of this study