Evidence-based clinical interventions exist for depression; however, the gap between those who need treatment and those who receive it (i.e., the care gap) is alarming, with upwards of 90% of individuals not having access to care in India. Integrating evidence-based treatments into primary care is essential for ensuring access to mental health services, and ultimately, bridging the care gap. In India, many of these barriers to implementation have emerged from prior efforts to integrate evidence-based depression care into primary care, such as suboptimal organization and planning, and demands for training of staff on evidence-based interventions.
Implementation research seeks to improve the integration of evidence-based treatments into routine practice through the use of "Implementation Strategies". In a recent review by Wagenaar et al (2020) on implementation strategies for depression care in low- and middle-income countries, it was found that approximately half of these studies were focused on testing revised professional roles, or task-shifting, for depression intervention implementation. In this review, six studies from India examined the integration, acceptability, feasibility and cost of integrating depression care in routine primary care settings, but only one of these studies had a randomized controlled trial design. There is a need to conduct studies with pragmatic designs to examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of integrating evidence-based depression interventions into routine primary care. Moreover, the reviewed studies have scarcely reported on 'adoption' and initial implementation of depression interventions.
This trial aims to address the treatment gap and the structural and contextual factors affecting the optimal implementation of a collaborative care package for depression in primary care settings in Madhya Pradesh, India. Specifically, this study will employ a cluster-randomized controlled design to evaluate whether a 'remote coaching implementation support strategy' compared to 'routine implementation support' can increase rates of screening for depression (i.e., primary implementation outcome). The trial will also assess the successful implementation of the collaborative depression care package via facility-level indicators, including the following secondary implementation outcomes: number of depression cases identified, number of patients with depression referred to the medical officer, number of patients referred to an accepted treatment intervention (i.e., either antidepressant medication or brief psychological intervention), and number of patients who successfully complete treatment at follow up.
Secondary patient outcomes will also be collected from patients enrolled in each arm, including the proportion of patients who achieve remission (defined as PHQ-9\<5) at 3-month follow up, given that this reflects a clinically meaningful treatment target. Additional patient-level outcomes include symptoms of anxiety and functioning.
The trial will explore health facility 'readiness' and its relationship with the adoption of the depression care package. Importantly, this trial will employ the routine health facility cadres, such as the auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) and nurses, primarily for depression screening, and the medical officer (MO) for diagnosis, treatment and referral of cases, and employ routine data collection and management systems. This trial builds on recent health system-level changes in India where screening and management of non-communicable disorders has already been integrated into primary care, creating a template for the integration of evidence-based depression care.
