Sympathetic Mapping/ Ablation of Renal Nerves Trial - Hemodialysis

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Renal artery anatomy is unqualified including: (1) diameter \<4mm or treatable length \<20mm; (2) Renal artery stenosis \>50% or any renal artery aneurysms on either side; (3) History of renal artery PTA, including balloon angioplasty and stenting;
• •2. Average 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) \<135mmHg;
• •3. Pulse pressure \> 80mmHg;
• •4. Using antihypertensive drugs, such as clonidine, minoxidil within 6 months;
• •5. Participated other clinical trials including both drug and medical device studies within 3 months enrollment;
• •6. Female with pregnant or lactating, or having plans for pregnancy within 1 year;
• •7. Patient with sleep apnea who needs chronic oxygen-breathing or mechanical ventilation support (for example, tracheostomy);
• •8. Patients previously or currently suffering from following diseases: (1) Essential pulmonary arterial hypertension; (2) Type I diabetes; (3) Severe cardiac valvular stenosis with contradictions to significantly reduce blood pressure; (4) History of myocardial infraction (MI), unstable angina, syncope or cerebrovascular accidents within half year; (5) History of primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, aorta stenosis, hyperthyroidism or hyperparathyreosis; (6) Any disease conditions interfering the measurement of blood pressure (for instance, severe peripheral artery diseases, abdominal artery aneurysm, hemorrhagic disorders such as thrombocytopenia, hemophilia and severe anemia); (7) Plans to have surgery or cardiovascular interventions within following 6 months; (8) alcohol abuse or unknown drug dependence history; (9) Neuroticisms such as depression or anxiety disorders; (10) Non-compliant patients unable to finish the research per physician's requests;
• •9. Any contradictions to conduct renal artery stimulation and ablation.