Comparison of IV 10, 20, and 30mg for Renal Colic Pain in the ED

Hypothesis: Intravenous administration of Ketorolac 10 mg and 20 mg is as effective as 30 mg in treating renal colic pain in patients presenting to the emergency department

Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is widely used in the Emergency Department (ED). Because of the Ketorolac significant analgesic potency, it is usually used for moderate-to-severe pain. However, ketorolac has several side effects, of which gastrointestinal hemorrhage is most concerning. "Analgesic ceiling" is defined as the dose beyond which no additional analgesia can be achieved and on the other hand, more side effects might be encountered. Several studies suggested 10 mg as analgesic ceiling. Despite this, many recommendations are still advocating several folds higher doses (e.g. 30, 60 mg).