Received oral or inhaled corticosteroids in the week before ED presentation

Presented to the ED primarily for prescription refills

Complicated comorbid conditions (e.g. renal disease, cardiovascular disease, CHF, HIV)

Admitted to ECMC or discharged to another facility

Previously enrolled during a prior visit to the ED during the study period

For female patients--pregnant or pregnancy status indeterminate

Antibiotics are prescribed to treat current asthma/COPD exacerbation.

Repeat Emergency Department Visits Among Patients With Asthma and COPD