A correct hepatic function is highly relevant from the epidemiological point of view. In Italy, Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - NAFLD - has a prevalence of 20-25% in the adult population, with peaks of 50-70% within obese and type-2 diabetes populations: it is the most frequent cause of hematic changes in cytonecrosis enzymes, and can explain about 90% of asymptomatic high levels of transaminases. NAFLD natural history is associated with an increase of cerebro and cardiovascular risk, in both healthy subjects and diabetic patients.
Its prevention and treatment are of great interest, in particular dietary and nutraceutical interventions are the object of innovative research. It is also known that about 65% of subjects with hepatic dysfunction consume plant extracts, like silymarin from Cardo marianum. A recent trial showed an improvement of the hepatic function in subjects with NAFLD treated with silybin, combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E. These findings provide valuable information on new therapeutic strategies, but warrant further investigation. For no natural substance a health claim related to liver function was in fact approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The only exception is constituted by the food sources of choline, for which the maintenance of normal hepatic function has been claimed.
The objective of this study is to provide clinical data to support the effectiveness of a mixture of ingredients of natural origin, suitably selected and packaged, in the protection from liver damage, in subjects with NAFLD.
Treatment: subjects will be randomized to receive the nutraceutical formulation or placebo for three months, in the amount of two capsules (about 800 mg each) a day, at one time.
All subjects, after signing a written informed consent to participation in the study, will receive appropriate recomendations about diet and physical exercise.
A clinic visit, with collection of the patient clinical and pharmacological history and recording of any adverse event, liver ultrasound, measurement of weight and height and calculation of BMI, measure of arterial blood pressure, collection of a sample of venous blood, under fasting conditions, for hematochemical tests, will be made at the baseline (T0); all examinations and tests (except liver ultrasound) will be repeated after three months of treatment (T1).
Primary end-points of the study: hematic levels of hepatic enzymes: ALT, AST and γ-GT.
Secondary end-points of the study:
1. Hepatic function: direct and indirect bilirubin;
2. Inflammation markers: C Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE), Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
3. Haemostatic function: Factor VII, fibrinogen, thrombin generation with and without thrombomodulin, antithrombin (AT), tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1(PAI-1), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and activated TAFI (TAFIa), plasmin-antiplasmin complex, plasma fibrinolytic capacity;
4. Metabolic syndrome parameters: glycemia, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, insulin e insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance), adiponectin;
5. Apoptosis parameters: total cytokeratin-18 (M65 antigene), M30 and M65/M65ED, soluble fas and soluble fas ligand.
A weekly food diary will be administered to each subject before and at the end of the treatment, to highlight any possible change of dietary habits during the study.
In addition, for all subjects the NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS), a composite score of prognostic value for the conversion of NAFDL into fibrotic hepatitis and for the disease severity, will be calculated. This score includes age, body mass index, platelet count, albumin, relationship between AST and ALT, and presence of diabetes. A sub-analysis will be done to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with the synergistic blend of ingredients in subjects with high, as compared to those with low NFS.
Sample size calculation: Establishing Alpha = 0.05 and Β = 80%, the number of 150 people (75 per treatment arm) will evaluate differences between the two groups (T1 to T0) equal to 46% of the standard deviation of the mean of the two liver function parameters selected (primary end-points), in particular, differences over 11.5 for ALT (17% of the average), 7.1 for AST (17% of the average) or 13.8 for γ-GT (19% of the average). This calculation also includes a drop-out of 10% of the sample enrolled in the study.
Compliance to treatment will be monitored by counting the capsules returned in the box at the end of treatment.
