The mortality rate among people with Serious Mental Illness (SMI) is 2 to 3 times that of the general population (DeHert et al., 2011), meaning that those with a serious mental illness die, on average, 25 years earlier than those without a SMI (Parks et al., 2006). There is evidence that these deaths are largely attributed to preventable medical conditions, many of which are more common in the SMI population. System bifurcation, or the separation of mental and physical health services, has been identified as a critical factor that leads to significant health disparities for those with SMI (Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, 2004).
Grounded in patients' experiences, needs, and voices, investigators seek to generate knowledge about effective interventions, use outcomes that are central to patients and caregivers, attend to issues of implementation and dissemination, and may seek to optimize outcomes in the context of factors such as burden, technology, and stakeholder perspectives. Based on pilot work funded by the UniHealth Foundation, the goal of this Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) proposal is to test the effectiveness of a peer health navigation intervention (The Bridge) in comparison to usual treatment. The Bridge is a peer-staffed comprehensive healthcare engagement and self management model, situated in an outpatient mental health clinic, where clients are taught the skills to access and manage their healthcare for any condition. The investigators' goal is train clients to successfully engage and navigate the primary health care system as well as other needed health care services (specialty care, lab, and pharmacy). Guided by a version of Gelberg, Andersen, and Leake's (2000) Behavioral Model of Health Service Use for Vulnerable Populations that investigators adapted for the seriously mentally ill (Brekke et al., in press), the Bridge combines three approaches: integrated care, patient education, and cognitive-behavioral skill building with an in vivo (real world) focus.
Investigators conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing 2 groups: a) a treatment as usual waitlist (n =75), and b) the Bridge peer navigator intervention (n=76). Investigators will compare these groups across 3 time points (baseline, 6 months, 1 year) to examine the Bridge's effectiveness at improving health care service use, satisfaction with care, health knowledge, health status, health related self-efficacy, and quality of life. Outcomes will be measured through patient self-report and according to objective measures of health (medical records and insurance claims data).
In addition, investigators conducted interviews every three months with selected stakeholders to assess the degree to which the intervention and the study are succeeding and what challenges have occurred. This will allow for corrections as the study proceeds. Investigators will focus on the factors that will contribute to the implementation and sustainability of the health navigator intervention including: cost, training, supervision, billing issues, and how this position will fit into the organizational model of the clinic. To begin the interview, investigators ask each person interviewed for his or her ideas about what are the critical factors for implementation and sustainability. Finally, investigators conducted exit interviews with each patient as part of their final assessment. Exit interviews focused on the patients' perceptions about the study, how it affected them, what went well, and what challenges they encountered. Each interview should last about 20-30 minutes and was audio-recorded using an encrypted tape recorder. Investigators will use a semi-structured interview guide so that all interviewees are asked the same questions and data are comparable. Basic demographics such as gender, ethnicity, and age will be recorded for all participants.
This PCORI proposal relies on significant stakeholder involvement in the intervention development, project development and management, and in the plans for dissemination and implementation. The ultimate goal is to provide the field a peer-delivered intervention that significantly reduces disparities in the utilization and outcome of health services for the seriously mentally ill and thereby reduce morbidity and mortality in this highly vulnerable population.
