Point prevalence estimates for major depressive disorder in adolescents range from 4% to 8%, and the lifetime prevalence of experiencing a major depressive episode by age 18 is estimated at 20% to 25%. Depression afflicts the lives of adolescent girls at twice the rate of boys, and depressive episodes typically last for 7-9 months without treatment. Unfortunately, less than half of adolescents who report a major depressive episode in the past year also report having received treatment. Even with treatment, the risk of relapse in the subsequent 2 years ranges from 20%- 60%. Adolescent depression is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in teens, the third leading cause of death in youths 15-19 years old. The incidence and time course of suicidal ideations and behaviors in depressed adolescents has been examined in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS),Treatment of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study,and the Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) study. These federally-funded clinical trials provide considerable evidence about the effectiveness of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and combined treatments for adolescent depression; they also underscore the critical need to improve training and resources for treatment providers and patients in the pursuit of better outcomes. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is 'treatment \[or intervention\] based on the best available science or research evidence'. In 2005, the American Psychological Association (APA) Presidential Task Force advocated EBPs "to promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health by applying empirically supported principles of psychological assessment, case formulation, therapeutic relationship, and intervention". It asks clinicians to adopt EBPs and encourages development of health care policies reflecting this view. Research supports the efficacy and effectiveness of both CBT and antidepressant treatments for adolescent depression. The demand for trained CBT providers exceeds the supply, reflecting a need for more efficient and effecting training platforms. In April 2007, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) held the "Partnerships to Integrate Evidence-Based Mental Health Practices into Social Work Education and Research" meeting. They concluded that important initiatives in EBP existed in academic programs, but the need for social workers prepared to deliver them is not being met. The Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health reached a similar conclusion regarding EBP use in community settings.
New technologies can increase access to specialized training and can improve training quality. Web-based training can be made available at any time, eliminates costs and difficulties associated with traveling, and enrollment is not constrained by class size or trainer availability. Trainees can work a their own pace and training quality is improved by use of consistent, standardized interactive exercises presented with multi-modal learning techniques that increase knowledge retention. Online CBT training is effective and well-received by clinicians; engaging and retaining adolescents in treatment has been challenging. Telephone contact between sessions can improve both outcomes and satisfaction in depression treatment. Between-session contact from a clinician via the internet has improved outcomes, as much as four-fold in one study.
Depressed adolescents can be treated effectively with antidepressant medications, but medication noncompliance was over 50% in the TORDIA study. Estimates are that only a third of patients started on an antidepressant receive treatment of adequate dose and duration. Patient non-adherence was the most common reason for failure, with side effects being a major factor for discontinuing treatment in the initial weeks. Monitoring common side effects, such as altered sleeping patterns, nightmares, restlessness, and changes in appetite is particularly important in adolescents; 3%-8% of youths treated with antidepressants show increased "behavioral activation" which may increase the risk for suicidal ideation or behavior. Such concerns are the basis for the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry's treatment recommendation "During All Treatment Phases, Clinicians Should Arrange Frequent Follow-up Contacts That Allow Sufficient Time to Monitor the Subject's Clinical Status, Environmental Conditions, and, If Appropriate, Medication Side Effects." Use of text messaging to assess side effects and provide messages of reassurance and support could help medication compliance.
The popularity of Short Messaging Service (SMS) text messaging among adolescents is apparent to any parent with a teenage son or daughter. A Pew Research Center study found that text messaging has become the preferred channel for basic communication among teens. Teens interact with friends via text messaging more frequently than any other form of interaction; 75% of 12-17 year-olds have their own cell phones, and 72% of all teens (88% of teenage cell phone users) use text messaging. Two-thirds of texting teens are more likely to use their cell phones to text with friends than to talk with them. Half of all teens send 50 or more texts per day. Girls use text messaging to a greater extent than boys, and three-quarters of teen cell phone users have unlimited texting.
The popularity of SMS technology has only recently begun to be leveraged for scientific and public health applications, but use in research and health promotion is expanding. Cell phone text messaging has been used to collect daily data regarding asthma and diabetes symptoms. SMS reminders to use oral contraceptive may reduce unintended pregnancies,and medical test results provided by text messaging can encourage patients to seek treatment, which may be particularly useful for school-based health centers. A review of text messaging programs designed to influence health behavior found positive outcomes in 93% of the published studies72 including interventions addressing obesity, smoking, and bulimia nervosa. In a review of studies using cell phone and SMS programs to improve health outcomes and processes of care, a total of 101 process and outcomes were evaluated across 25 studies. Sixty percent of the cell phone/text messaging interventions resulted in positive outcomes (p.\<.05) compared to control groups.
Benefits of interactive voice response (IVR) methods to address personally sensitive topics have been published and extend to SMS applications. Text messaging has some advantages over IVR technology, which may account for its popularity among teens: Temporally, SMS is less disruptive since asynchronous interactions allow message receivers to postpone dialog engagement. Environmentally, text messaging may be more private, since they do not require verbal responses that might overheard in public. Use of key presses to silently respond to automated queries is possible via IVR, but additional equipment such as ear buds are needed and may not always be available. The efficiency and effectiveness of SMS applications in healthcare setting has been referred to as "the elephant knocking at the door." One reason treatments using EBPs are less effective than desired may be a lack of easily accessible training materials and supportive tools for implementation. CBT training manuals, alone and in combination with antidepressant management, have been created in academe and are publicly available. Unfortunately they are not being widely adopted by clinicians in community-based treatment programs. Manualized CBT developed specifically for depressed adolescents, including suicide prevention modules that contain safety plans, mood monitoring, goal setting, reducing negative emotions, and increasing positive reinforcements are publicly available. Interacting with adolescents on a daily basis to encourage homework compliance, evaluate treatment progress, monitor side effects, etc., would be prohibitive if clinicians needed to personally send and receive each tailored message. Fortunately, that is not necessary. Phase I results demonstrated the feasibility of computer-automated, dynamically-branching SMS protocols for interacting with depressed adolescents (see Progress Report below). Feedback from the adolescents in the Phase I study indicated willingness to embrace the use of this technology into treatment programs. They explicitly expressed interest in automated interactions permitting more open-ended and personally expressive content.
The product to be developed in Phase II is responsive to this desire and will incorporate multimedia training materials for clinicians through a secure, password-protected website that will assist them in selecting, scheduling, and incorporating automated, personalized interactive SMS interactions into manualized CBT treatment. Automated interactions will facilitate homework assignments, monitor medication side effects, assess symptom severities, and encourage patients. Patient responses to the automated interactions will be reviewable by the clinicians through the same website, and reports of particularly worrisome behaviors, such as suicidal intent, will trigger immediate notifications to on-call clinical staff for immediate follow-up and intervention. The system and processes to be developed in Phase II are designed to improve the efficacy of adolescent depression treatment by improving clinician training and increasing the depth and breadth of patient engagement in their treatment regimen. We believe it will also hasten the onset of symptomatic improvement and will do so in a manner that improves patient satisfaction and increases safety monitoring.
