Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Autonomic Failure

Exclusion Criteria

• •Pregnant women
• •Patients with diagnosed Parkinson's Disease or secondary forms of autonomic failure
• •Patients with severe claustrophobia
• •Patients taking medications known to affect brain neurotransmitter levels \[e.g., anti-depressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, namenda, sinemet\]
• •Patients with implanted medical devices \[e.g., pacemakers, metal clips, cochlear implants, orthopedic hardware\], lead-based tattoos or pieces of metal close to or in an important organ
• •High-risk patients \[e.g., heart failure, symptomatic coronary artery disease, liver impairment, history of stroke or myocardial infarction\]
• •Inability to give or withdraw informed consent
• •Other factors which in the investigator's opinion would prevent the subject from completing the protocol including significant abnormalities in clinical, mental, or laboratory testing