Describe succinctly and clearly the past findings which justify the plan for this project. A summary of the relevant literature in the area of interest and reports of previous studies should be included.
For majority of lymphoma patients who relapse after complete response or who are primary refractory to initial treatment, a combination of salvage chemotherapy followed by high dose chemotherapy and ASCT is considered the standard of care. Sensitivity to salvage chemotherapy affects the outcome after ASCT. Traditionally, the response to salvage chemotherapy prior ASCT was determined by conventional computed tomography (CT) scans using size criteria. In the past several years, it has been shown that functional imaging with PET scans using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) provides additional information to anatomic imaging with CTs. Recently, PET scans have been incorporated into the response assessment as published by the Imaging Subcommittee of International Harmonization Project in Lymphoma. These days, most institutions use PET/CT scans which incorporate functional imaging with PET scan fused with low dose non-contrast enhanced CT scan.
We have previously reported the outcome of patients with relapsed/refractory lymphomas who continued to have residual FDG avid PET (positive) lesions after salvage chemotherapy and prior to ASCT. This group of patients included those who had excellent anatomic response by size criteria, but continued to have persistent hypermetabolic FDG activity within the residual lesions. We found that PET positive patients have an extremely poor chance of durable remission after ASCT. In the PET negative group, the median PFS was 19 months with 54% of patients without progression at 12 months after ASCT. In the PET positive group, the median PFS was 5 months with only 7% of patients without progression at 12 months after ASCT. We concluded that, for patients with PET positive residual disease after salvage chemotherapy and prior to ASCT, novel therapeutic approaches and agents need to be investigated.
Lenalidomide is a proprietary IMiD® compound of Celgene Corporation. IMiD® compounds have both immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic properties which could confer antitumor and antimetastatic effects. Although the exact antitumor mechanism of action of lenalidomide is unknown, a number of mechanisms are postulated to be responsible for lenalidomides activity against hematological malignancies. Lenalidomide has been demonstrated to possess anti-angiogenic activity through inhibition of bFGF, VEGF and TNF-alpha induced endothelial cell migration, due at least in part to inhibition of Akt phosphorylation response to bFGF. In addition, lenalidomide has a variety of immunomodulatory effects. Lenalidomide stimulates T cell proliferation, and the production of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-gamma, inhibits IL-1 beta and IL-6 and modulates IL-12 production. Up-regulation of T cell derived IL-2 production is achieved at least in part through increased AP-1 activity. The increased levels of circulating cytokines augment natural killer cell number and function, and enhance natural killer cell activity.
Clinical activity of lenalidomide in various lymphoma subtypes has been documented in several phase II trials. In patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma, the overall response rate (ORR) was 53% with PFS at 12 month 40%. In patients with aggressive lymphoma (mostly diffuse large B-cell subtype), the ORR was 35% with PFS at 12 months about 25%. There also have been many case reports of patients who achieved durable complete response to lenalidomide after failing multiple cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens.
Most clinical studies of lenalidomide in patients with active lymphoma used dose of 25 mg daily on days 1-21 in 28 day cycle which is the dosing recommended for active multiple myeloma. While lenalidomide was well tolerated in the lymphoma studies, the dose of 25 mg is associated with high risk of developing cytopenias including grade 3 neutropenia in 25-40% of patients and thrombocytopenia in 12-20%. Our group reported that low dose lenalidomide at 10 mg daily (continuous dosing) in combination with weekly dexamethasone can be effective in patients with active relapsed/refractory low grade and mantle cell lymphomas. The continuous dose of 10 mg daily has also been used in treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.
Lenalidomide has been used as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma, but there is limited experience with maintenance lenalidomide in lymphoma patients. Two large clinical trials of maintenance lenalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma after ASCT have shown benefit in PFS over observation. These studies used daily dosing of lenalidomide at 10 mg or 15 mg which were well tolerated over long term administration.
Revlimid® (lenalidomide) is currently indicated for the treatment of patients with transfusion-dependent anemia due to Low- or Intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. Revlimid® is also approved in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma that have received at least one prior therapy.
The most frequently reported adverse events reported during clinical studies with lenalidomide in oncologic and non-oncologic indications, regardless of presumed relationship to study medication include: anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, rash, itching, infections, sepsis, pneumonia, UTI, Upper respiratory infection, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, chest pain, weakness, hypotension, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, back pain, bone pain, generalized pain, dizziness, mental status changes, syncope, renal failure, dyspnea, pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, CVA, convulsions, dizziness, spinal cord compression, syncope, disease progression, death not specified and fractures.
Complete and updated adverse events are available in the Investigational Drug Brochure and the IND Safety Letters.
Rationale for Treatment in this Setting:
Our previously reported data and similar studies from other institutions indicate that patients with PET positive lesions after salvage chemotherapy and prior ASCT do very poorly. In our study, patients with residual PET positive lesions before ASCT had median PFS of 5 months with only 7% of patients without progression at 12 months after ASCT. It can be speculated that patients with PET positive lesions prior ASCT harbor chemotherapy resistant lymphoma cells in their tumors. Since the mechanism of action of lenalidomide differs from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, the use of this novel agent in this group of patients is an attractive concept. The immunomodulary properties of lenalidomide over the maintenance period of 24 months could improve the overall outcome of patients following ASCT. Since there is a valid concern that lenalidomide could cause severe cytopenias when used early after ASCT, we proposed to administer dose 10 mg of lenalidomide daily with an option of dose modification to 5 mg daily according to previously defined toxicity criteria. The daily maintenance dosing of lenalidomide at 10 mg has been used in patients with multiple myeloma after ASCT and improved PFS in two large randomized trials.
