Efficacy of PENNSAID® for Pain Management in the Emergency Department

Inclusion Criteria

• •Inclusion:
• •We will include ED patients presenting with an acutely painful ankle sprain for which NSAIDs constitute standard of care pain management.
• •The following will be excluded:
• •Those with lacerations, bites, burns
• •any head trauma
• •pregnant
• •anyone with a pre-existing chronic pain condition
• •inflammatory intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
• •anyone regularly using another NSAID or anti-coagulation medication
• •anyone who has experienced asthma after NSAID use
• •compromised cognitive abilities
• •a significant co-morbidity that will compromise participation
• •had joint replacements
• •known hypersensitivity to diclofenac or allergic responses to NSAIDs as a class
• •active stomach and/or duodenal ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding
• •anyone admitted with severe active bleeding
• •recent heart surgery
• •severe liver or renal insufficiency
• •prisoner
• •mentally disabled patients
• •wards of the state
• •cognitive or decisional impairment