Promoting Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Adherence

The proposed research will evaluate new approaches to improving the ability of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a breathing disorder during sleep, to use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a medical device worn during sleep to treat OSA. 120 patients with newly diagnosed OSA who are being initiated on CPAP treatment will be assigned to one of 3 groups: usual care, usual care with web-based access to daily CPAP adherence, and usual care with web-based access to daily CPAP adherence and a financial incentive to use CPAP at least 4 hours/day in the first week of treatment. Measures of CPAP use, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life will evaluate whether patients provided web-based access to their daily CPAP adherence with and without financial incentive will have greater objectively measured average daily hours of CPAP use and greater improvement in functional outcomes following 3 months of treatment compared to patients receiving usual care. The results will test the hypothesis that these behavioral interventions will improve patient adherence to CPAP during the critically important first week of treatment when many patients are deciding whether or not to use CPAP and that this initial level of adherence will be maintained over the long term despite withdrawal of the financial incentive.

This is a nested clinical study in the NIH funded research project RC2AG036592, "Developing Interactive Technology to Improve Research and Health Behavior". The purpose of the research project is to create a web-based infrastructure to accelerate research in behavioral economics to improve health. Failure to adhere to medical treatments is a major cause of poor outcomes that increase health care spending. Changing unhealthful behaviors is difficult. One barrier to behavioral change is the need to provide patients with immediate, timely information about their behavior. Individual clinicians cannot maintain the frequent contact that is required, but technology and automated feedback mechanisms can keep these issues salient for patients. Internet technology is increasingly seen as an appealing tool to overcome this barrier and promote patient self-management. Recent evidence indicates that providing patients with web-based feedback of their health status may improve adherence to treatment and outcomes. Another barrier to behavioral change is that people need frequent reinforcement of positive behavior and need that reinforcement often at the time they are making decisions (e.g., to smoke, to overeat, to take medication). Recent studies report that the use of financial incentives is an effective strategy to changing health behavior. Incentives in the form of direct payments provide valuable positive reinforcement and have been shown to change health behavior in a variety of contexts, including weight loss, medication adherence, and smoking cessation. One criticism of this approach to changing health behaviors is whether the new behavior is sustained once the financial incentive is withdrawn. The proposed clinical study will use the web-based infrastructure that is developed by the research project to evaluate the application of these emerging new approaches in behavioral health intervention to improving CPAP adherence and consequent treatment outcomes in patients with OSA. In the proposed research study, 120 patients with newly diagnosed OSA who are being initiated on CPAP therapy will be randomized to one of three arms: 1) usual care, 2) usual care with the ability of the participant to view reports of his/her daily CPAP use on a password protected website, and 3) usual care with the ability of the participant to view reports of his/her daily CPAP use on a password protected website combined with a daily financial incentive in the first week based of hours per day of CPAP use. The proposed health behavior interventions will 1) provide patients greater access to information about their sleep disordered breathing, and 2) allow patients to become active members of their management team. Aim 1 will determine if the proposed health behavior interventions improve average daily hours of CPAP use in the first week and following 3 months of treatment. The overall hypothesis is that these behavioral interventions will improve patient adherence to CPAP during the critically important first week of treatment when many patients are deciding whether or not to use CPAP and that this initial level of adherence will be maintained over the long term despite withdrawal of the financial incentive. Interventions designed to improve health-related behavior will only be justified if they lead to greater improvements in clinically relevant outcomes. To determine the impact of the proposed health behavior interventions to increase CPAP adherence on treatment outcomes, Aim 2 will compare measures of daytime function following 3 months of CPAP treatment across the three groups. The results of Aim 2 will demonstrate whether improvements in CPAP adherence due to web-based feedback with or without a financial incentive result in greater improvements in clinical outcomes.