Primary Aims
1. Test the efficacy of a telephone-adapted Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) program to reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life of kidney transplant candidates by 8-weeks and by 6-month follow-up.
2. Evaluate the impact of tMBSR on sleep measured by actigraphy, and on physiologic stress, as indicated by alteration in the slope of diurnal salivary cortisols, measured before and at the end of the 8-week active intervention period.
Secondary Aims
1. Evaluate the impact of tMBSR on perceptions of transplant surgery (treatment satisfaction, pain) and of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) at 2-, 6- and 12-mos post-transplant surgery.
2. Design a full-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tMBSR.
Hypotheses
* Primary: The tMBSR group will report better outcomes than an attention control support group (SG) on standardized scales for anxiety, depression, and sleep quality and health-related quality of life at 8 weeks and 6 month follow-up.
* Secondary: The tMBSR group will report better outcomes than the SG group on actigraphy-derived sleep parameters and diurnal salivary cortisol patterns.
* Tertiary: Candidates who attended mindfulness training will report greater treatment satisfaction, less distress from pain with transplant surgery and better HRQL 2 months, 6 months and 1 year after kidney transplantation.
Rationale for study : For patients with living with kidney failure, the wait for new kidney is a stressful time. Pharmacologic therapies for managing symptoms of stress increase risks for side effects and non-adherence. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), a non-pharmacologic program of training in mindfulness meditation, could help these patients reduce their symptom distress without increasing these other risks.
Long-range Goal: To develop evidence-based recommendations for non-pharmacologic strategies that provide symptom relief to transplant patients, and are safe, practical and cost-effective.
Interventions: The tMBSR program includes the curricular content of the standard 8-week MBSR program (2002 Instructor's Manual). A trained teacher provides instruction in meditation techniques including the body-scan, standing, sitting and walking meditations, and gentle Hatha yoga. Whereas the standard MBSR is conducted as 8 weekly 2.5 hour classes with a one day retreat between weeks 6 and 7, the telephone-adapted MBSR program begins with 5 hour-day workshop to introduce the techniques, followed by 6 weekly 1 ½ hour group teleconferences with the teacher to discuss the class's experiences with meditation practice, and ends with a 5 hour retreat in week 8. Home practice expectations are 25 minutes per day, 6 days a week for tMBSR.
The attention control consists of two 90 minute in-person workshops and 6 1-hour teleconference calls. An experienced facilitator emphasizes communication skills and group support.
Recruiting Methods:
1. Direct mail to candidates being followed by the Transplant Information Services Office with follow-up calls; invitation letters and brochures sent from the P01 Clinical Core.
2. Posters and flyers in medical clinics.
3. Referral by health providers - in- service presentations to the pre-transplant coordinators who manage the kidney candidates;
4. Additional invitations letters mailed by the coordinator who maintains the waitlist for the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS); study brochure or invitation letters mailed with waitlist acceptance letters.
Potential Measures of intervention 'dose' or enactment:
1. Mindfulness scale: Mindful Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS);
2. Meditation practice time.
Exploratory Outcomes: Post-transplant impact on Quality of Life (QOL) by Short-Form-36 item(SF-36), pain and satisfaction with transplant hospitalization.
Evaluation Methods:
1. Self-report, mailed questionnaires completed at study weeks 0, 8, 26 (primary outcomes and QOL measures),
2. Actigraphy recording for 1 week prior to the intervention and during the last week of the intervention; cortisol collection for 3 days during same time periods.
3. Post transplant evaluations - 2 and 6 mos; 1 year coordinated with Transplant Database
Duration of Treatment: 8 weeks
Study Duration: Participants are followed up to one year post-kidney transplant.
Statistical Considerations: This study is powered to compare MBSR and SG, on the primary endpoint, on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), at 8 weeks. Randomization may be stratified by dialysis (yes/no) and history of diabetes (yes/no).
