Investigating the Cognitive Processes That Underlie Social Knowledge and Behavior

Inclusion Criteria

• •The healthy normal controls recruited into these studies will be determined by Section staff phone and in-person interviews to be free of psychiatric, neurological, or other medical disorders that would constrain interpretation of their performance during functional neuroimaging studies. In addition, all normal volunteers must undergo a neuroexam performed by the medically responsible investigator, an NINDS physician, once a year before undergoing MRI scanning. The neurological exam will be done in the neurology outpatient clinic.
• •All subjects will be native English-speakers and right-handed, as measured by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, due to the association between language lateralization and handedness.
• •In addition, all subjects in Study 3 (that addresses political stereotypes) will be American and will be screened for political affiliation using several measures prior to participation in the study.
• •Political affiliation will be assessed by obtaining (1) self-reported political orientation of the subject on a scale of 1 to 7 (where 1 is extremely liberal and 7 is extremely conservative, Wyer et al., 1991), (2) political party preference of the subject on a scale of 1 to 7 (where 1 is strongly Democratic and 7 is strongly Republican, Wyer et al., 1991), and (3) scores on the Conservatism-Liberalism Scale (Mehrabian, 1996). Subjects rating their orientation and preference (measures 1 and 2) as 3 or lower or 5 or higher and also scoring higher than 20 or lower than -20 (maximum scores are plus or minus 28) on the Conservatism-Liberalism Scale will be included in the study. American citizenship and the political screening is necessary to enable the classification of conditions as stereotype-congruent and - incongruent (as this is determined by their status as 'Democrat' or 'Republican'). Subjects in Study 4 (that addresses political psychological structures) will be screened to be American citizens prior to participating to the study. Party affiliation, political orientation and adjunctive demographical data will be collected at the end of the fMRI scan to be eventually considered as a potential source of variability in the statistical analysis.