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Discover 20,142 clinical trials near Baltimore, Maryland. Find research studies in your area.
Showing 14661-14680 of 20,142 trials
NCT01148355
Background: * Multiple social, psychological, and environmental factors contribute to adolescents' use of cigarettes. Environmental smoking cues have been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of nicotine addiction and in relapse to smoking. However, few studies have examined craving and cue-reactivity in adolescent smokers, even though craving appears to contribute to ongoing smoking and relapse in this age group. * Another factor central to addiction is the rewarding effect of drugs, or the interaction between the person, the drug, and the environmental setting. However, more research is needed on whether environmental cues lead to increased smoking in adolescents. Objectives: \- To determine the effects of smoking versus neutral cues in adolescents who smoke on (1) craving, mood, and autonomic responsivity and (2) the relative reinforcing efficacy of tobacco cigarettes. Eligibility: \- Adolescents 12 to 17 years of age who are current smokers (at least five cigarettes per day for the past 6 months). Design: * This study will involve three study visits. Participants will be allowed to smoke before all study sessions and will give a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample before all sessions. Participants must not use any illicit drugs or alcohol 24 hours before sessions. * Visit 1 (baseline session): Participants will provide a urine sample and will be familiarized with the study room and session design. * Visits 2 and 3: Participants will be connected to physiological recording devices to measure heart rate, perspiration, and other physical responses. After baseline readings, participants will be exposed to smoking cues at one experimental session and to neutral cues at the other experimental session. * Before, during, and after cue presentation, participants will complete self-report measures of mood and craving and have physiological measures taken. They will then be re-exposed to smoking or neutral cues and engage in a self-administration procedure to examine the effect of cues on the reinforcing efficacy of cigarettes.
NCT02225158
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe disease and a major cause of death in many people worldwide. It is caused by a bacteria that enters through the lungs and can spread elsewhere in the body. People with latent TB have the bacteria that lie dormant but can become active and cause disease. These people are offered treatment to prevent development of active TB. Worldwide, a lot of people with LTBI also have a parasitic worm called a helminth that can stay in the gut or the blood. These parasites can affect the immune system and cause diseases like TB to become worse. Researchers want to see how helminth infection makes it harder for people to fight TB infection. Objectives: \- To study how the immune system of people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) acts to prevent development of active TB. Also, to study how helminth infection might affect this immune response. Eligibility: * Adults age 18 70 with LTBI as defined by an approved blood test called QuantiFERON TB Gold. * No evidence of infections like Hepatitis or HIV * Pregnant subjects and subjects taking medications that suppress the immune system are not eligible. * Have not received prior treatment for LTBI. Participants might be still eligible if prior treatment for active TB has been received Design: Screening phase: \- Participants will be screened with medical history, physical exam, and blood tests for other infections/conditions which might affect the immune system. They will have testing for active TB i.e. blood testing as well as testing of their spit, scans and X-rays. Baseline phase: * Only eligible participants will be entered into the study. * Participants will have interviews, medical history, and physical exam. * Blood will be drawn from an arm vein for testing. * Participants will collect stool samples at home for 3 days in a row to test for helminth infection.. * Participants may have apheresis. Blood cells are removed by needle. They pass through a separator machine which returns everything but the cells back to the participant. * Participants may have procedures at the start and end of the study that let researchers look into the lungs and collect cells. Study phase, about 2 years: * All participants will be offered treatment for LTBI which lasts 6-9 months. * Participants being treated for LTBI will have about 11 study visits. They will visit monthly for 9 months while on treatment, then 6 and 12 months after treatment. * Participants not eligible/refusing treatment for LTBI will be made aware of active TB, then have 3 other visits, about 6, 12, and 24 months after the baseline visit. * Participants who have helminth infection will receive appropriate treatment. * All participants will have blood drawn at each visit.