Healthy volunteers
Not accepted
Inclusion Criteria: Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis based on McDonald's Criteria; Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) score of 1-5 (ambulatory participants), the ability to communicate written and spoken English, , age 18-80 and experiencing pain in the lower extremity for more than three consecutive months (3-months) with intensity of 3 or more out of 10 based on numeric pain scale (clinically meaningful pain).
Exclusion Criteria: any neurological comorbidity (such as stroke and PD), presence of MS relapse in the last 30 days, current participation in or planned initiation of any pain management intervention (interventional or rehabilitative) targeting the lower extremity, or anticipated changes in pain medication during the study period. Additional exclusion criteria include pregnancy (by urine pregnancy test), any active cancer or chemotherapy within one year, the score of lower than 17 on the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), a known or suspected infection in the lower extremity, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, active osteomyelitis in the lower extremity, varicose veins and uncontrolled seizures/ epilepsy.
