Pulmonary Rehabilitation in African Countries

Overview of the Study This study is part of the EQUI-RESP-AFRICA programme, a global health research initiative led by the University of Edinburgh and partners across Africa. It focuses on improving care for people living with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs)-long-term lung conditions that make breathing difficult and can severely limit daily life. These conditions include illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung damage following tuberculosis (TB). While these diseases are well-recognised in high-income countries, they are especially widespread-and often more complex-in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Nigeria, South Africa, and Cameroon. Despite this high burden, access to effective treatment is often limited. This study aims to address that gap by evaluating pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)-a structured, non-drug treatment that helps people breathe better, move more, and improve their quality of life. What is Pulmonary Rehabilitation? Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive programme that combines: * Supervised exercise training (e.g., walking, strength exercises) * Education about managing lung disease * Psychological and emotional support * Nutritional advice * Training in self-management skills It is widely recommended in clinical guidelines and has been shown to reduce breathlessness, improve physical fitness, and enhance overall well-being. However, most of the evidence comes from high-income settings, and little is known about how best to deliver these programmes in lower-resource environments. Why This Study is Needed? Although earlier research suggests that pulmonary rehabilitation can work in LMICs, most studies have been small and of limited quality. There are still important unanswered questions: * Can PR be delivered effectively in low-resource settings? * What is the best way to organise and deliver these programmes? * Will patients attend and complete the programme? * Are community-based programmes as effective as hospital-based ones? This study is designed to answer these questions through a feasibility study and a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT). Study Design The study has two main components: 1. Feasibility Study This first phase explores whether pulmonary rehabilitation can be delivered in the three countries. It examines: * Available infrastructure and resources * Training needs for healthcare staff * Acceptability of PR among patients and healthcare providers * Barriers and facilitators to implementation This phase also includes interviews with patients, healthcare professionals, and stakeholders (such as policymakers and community leaders). 2. Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) The second phase tests the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in real-world settings. Participants * Around 90 adults (30 per country) with chronic respiratory diseases * Conditions include COPD and post-TB lung disease * All participants must be medically stable and able to exercise Randomisation Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1. Centre-based PR (hospital or clinic setting) 2. Community-based PR, supported by local health workers and remote (telehealth) supervision Randomisation ensures that the groups are comparable and allows a fair comparison of the two delivery models. The Intervention: What Participants Do Participants in both groups take part in an 8-week rehabilitation programme, with: * 3 sessions per week * Each session lasts about 2 hours * A total of 24 sessions The programme includes: Exercise Training * Walking (indoors or outdoors) * Cycling or step exercises * Strength training using weights or improvised equipment * Flexibility and balance exercises Education and Self-Management * Understanding their lung condition * Learning breathing techniques * Proper use of inhalers * Managing flare-ups Additional Support * Psychological counselling (if needed) * Nutritional advice * Smoking cessation support Community-based participants receive similar support, but sessions are delivered in local settings using simpler equipment and supported by community health workers, often with remote guidance from specialists. Outcomes: What the Study Measures The study evaluates whether pulmonary rehabilitation improves patients' health and daily functioning. Primary Outcome * Exercise capacity, measured using the 6-minute walk test (how far a person can walk in six minutes) Secondary Outcomes * Breathlessness * Quality of life * Anxiety and depression * Muscle strength * Lung function (spirometry) Measurements are taken at: * Baseline (before the programme) * 8 weeks (end of programme) * 6 months (to assess long-term effects) Qualitative Research To complement the clinical data, the study includes interviews with: * Patients * Healthcare providers (e.g., doctors, physiotherapists) * Stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, community leaders) These interviews explore: * Experiences with the programme * Barriers to participation * Suggestions for improvement * Perceptions of feasibility and sustainability This helps ensure that future programmes are practical, acceptable, and scalable. What Makes This Study Important This research goes beyond simply testing whether pulmonary rehabilitation works. It aims to understand: * How to deliver PR in low-resource settings * Whether community-based care can expand access * What factors influence success and sustainability The findings will inform future large-scale trials and guide policy decisions across Africa and other LMICs. Expected Impact If successful, this study could: * Improve access to effective, non-drug treatments for millions of people with chronic lung disease * Reduce disability, hospital admissions, and healthcare costs * Support the integration of pulmonary rehabilitation into routine healthcare systems * Provide a scalable model for other low-resource settings globally