YS247 (Neoantigen-Pulsed DC Vaccine) for Metastatic Prostate Cancer

This is a phase I, single-center, open-label, dose-escalation study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of an autologous neoantigen-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine (Neo-DC, also known as YS247) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Study Design: The study employs a traditional "3+3" dose-escalation methodology with three sequential dose cohorts: 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, and 1.5×10⁷ cells per injection. A sentinel dosing approach will be used within each cohort, where the first participant is observed for 4 weeks before subsequent participants are enrolled at that dose level. Intervention: The investigational product is an autologous cellular immunotherapy manufactured from patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained via leukapheresis. Dendritic cells are differentiated ex vivo, loaded with personalized neoantigens identified through next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tumor tissue (fresh biopsy or archival specimen), and matured using cytokine activation (GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, PGE2). The final product is administered as a subcutaneous injection (0.3 mL per site, 1-3 sites per dose) in the axillary or inguinal regions every 2 weeks for 4 doses (total 8-week treatment period). Study Population: Approximately 9-18 adult male participants (≥18 years) with histologically confirmed metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma will be enrolled. Eligibility requires documented disease progression following at least one novel endocrine therapy (e.g., abiraterone or enzalutamide), ECOG performance status 0-1, and adequate organ function (hematologic, hepatic, renal, cardiac). Participants must provide tumor tissue for neoantigen screening and HLA typing during the screening period (up to 90 days before first dose). Endpoints: Primary: Incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 4 weeks (following 2 doses), frequency of grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs per CTCAE v5.0), and determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary: PSA response rate (PSA50, defined as ≥50% decline from baseline), median progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by RECIST 1.1 and PCWG3 criteria, objective tumor response rate, and disease control rate. Exploratory: Immunogenicity assessed by peripheral blood neoantigen-specific T-cell frequency (IFN-γ ELISPOT), changes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density (IHC), and biomarker analysis of the tumor microenvironment. Assessments: Safety monitoring includes clinical laboratory tests (hematology, chemistry, PSA, testosterone), physical examinations, vital signs, and adverse event collection throughout the study. Efficacy evaluations include serial PSA measurements every 4 weeks and radiographic imaging (CT/MRI, bone scan, PSMA-PET/CT) at baseline, week 8, and every 6-8 weeks thereafter until progression. Immune response assessments will be conducted at baseline and week 8 (end of treatment). Follow-up: Participants will undergo safety follow-up at 60±7 days after the last dose. Long-term efficacy follow-up includes monthly visits for the first 6 months post-treatment, then every 2 months until disease progression, initiation of new anticancer therapy, loss to follow-up, or death. Survival status will be monitored via telephone follow-up monthly thereafter. Statistical Considerations: The sample size of 9-18 participants is based on the 3+3 dose-escalation design with 3 dose levels (3-6 participants per cohort). Safety and efficacy analyses will be performed on the safety analysis set and full analysis set, respectively, using descriptive statistics. Time-to-event endpoints (PFS, OS) will be estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods.