Lead Sponsor

Ataturk University

Age

50 - 80 years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

Yes

•Age ≥ 55 years.
•Ability to provide written informed consent.
•Patient group: Diagnosis of macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, or age-related macular degeneration, and having received repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections (≥2 doses).
•Control group: Healthy volunteers with no ocular pathology other than cataracts and not receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment.

•Chronic inflammatory disease.
•Chronic infectious disease.
•History of cardiovascular disease (e.g., coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia requiring treatment).
•History of cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack).
•Any additional ocular pathology that may affect the study outcomes (other than the index retinal condition in the patient group and cataract in the control group), such as:
•glaucoma
•uveitis
•retinal dystrophies
•significant media opacity preventing adequate ocular evaluation
•\- Use of systemic medications or conditions known to affect cholinesterase activity markedly